Addressing psychological resilience and its determinants among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a three-wave longitudinal study in Shandong Province, China
The relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend in psychological resilience and its longitudinal determinants during the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the changes of psychological resilience...
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Published in | BMC psychiatry Vol. 24; no. 1; pp. 823 - 12 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
England
BioMed Central Ltd
19.11.2024
BioMed Central BMC |
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Abstract | The relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend in psychological resilience and its longitudinal determinants during the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the changes of psychological resilience of university students during COVID-19 pandemic, and further clarify the longitudinal relationship between family factors, mental health, social mentality and psychological resilience.
Questionnaires were distributed to students from five universities in Shandong Province, China during the COVID-19. A total of 1635 students were finally included in this three-wave follow-up study using stratified random sampling method. Mental health was assessed by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, social mentality was measured by the Bi-Dimensional Structure Questionnaire of Social Mentality, psychological resilience was evaluated by the Chinese version of the Psychological Resilience Scale. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the longitudinal changes of psychological resilience, generalized estimating equation (GEE) was conducted to estimate the determinants of psychological resilience.
Psychological resilience changed from 28.37 in Wave 1, 29.10 in Wave 2, and 29.15 in Wave 3 among the university students. The students who majored in Art (β = 0.872, P = 0.032), parents (mother β = 0.546, P = 0.035; father β = 0.718, P = 0.012) had a greater influence on children's personality, and positive social mentality (β = 5.725, P < 0.001) were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience. Being female (β=-0.932, P < 0.001), not being a student leader (β=-0.911, P < 0.001), being anxious (β=-1.845, P < 0.001) and depressed (β=-1.846, P < 0.001), and negative social mentality (β=-0.803, P < 0.001) were less likely to report a higher psychological resilience.
The psychological resilience of the university students in Shandong Province, China increased significantly from Wave 1 to Wave 3 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Majoring in Art, parents having a greater influence on children's personality, better mental health, positive social mentality were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience, while female, not student leader, worse mental health, and negative social mentality were less likely to report a higher the psychological resilience. |
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AbstractList | The relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend in psychological resilience and its longitudinal determinants during the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the changes of psychological resilience of university students during COVID-19 pandemic, and further clarify the longitudinal relationship between family factors, mental health, social mentality and psychological resilience.
Questionnaires were distributed to students from five universities in Shandong Province, China during the COVID-19. A total of 1635 students were finally included in this three-wave follow-up study using stratified random sampling method. Mental health was assessed by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, social mentality was measured by the Bi-Dimensional Structure Questionnaire of Social Mentality, psychological resilience was evaluated by the Chinese version of the Psychological Resilience Scale. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the longitudinal changes of psychological resilience, generalized estimating equation (GEE) was conducted to estimate the determinants of psychological resilience.
Psychological resilience changed from 28.37 in Wave 1, 29.10 in Wave 2, and 29.15 in Wave 3 among the university students. The students who majored in Art (β = 0.872, P = 0.032), parents (mother β = 0.546, P = 0.035; father β = 0.718, P = 0.012) had a greater influence on children's personality, and positive social mentality (β = 5.725, P < 0.001) were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience. Being female (β=-0.932, P < 0.001), not being a student leader (β=-0.911, P < 0.001), being anxious (β=-1.845, P < 0.001) and depressed (β=-1.846, P < 0.001), and negative social mentality (β=-0.803, P < 0.001) were less likely to report a higher psychological resilience.
The psychological resilience of the university students in Shandong Province, China increased significantly from Wave 1 to Wave 3 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Majoring in Art, parents having a greater influence on children's personality, better mental health, positive social mentality were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience, while female, not student leader, worse mental health, and negative social mentality were less likely to report a higher the psychological resilience. Abstract Background The relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend in psychological resilience and its longitudinal determinants during the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the changes of psychological resilience of university students during COVID-19 pandemic, and further clarify the longitudinal relationship between family factors, mental health, social mentality and psychological resilience. Methods Questionnaires were distributed to students from five universities in Shandong Province, China during the COVID-19. A total of 1635 students were finally included in this three-wave follow-up study using stratified random sampling method. Mental health was assessed by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, social mentality was measured by the Bi-Dimensional Structure Questionnaire of Social Mentality, psychological resilience was evaluated by the Chinese version of the Psychological Resilience Scale. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the longitudinal changes of psychological resilience, generalized estimating equation (GEE) was conducted to estimate the determinants of psychological resilience. Results Psychological resilience changed from 28.37 in Wave 1, 29.10 in Wave 2, and 29.15 in Wave 3 among the university students. The students who majored in Art (β = 0.872, P = 0.032), parents (mother β = 0.546, P = 0.035; father β = 0.718, P = 0.012) had a greater influence on children’s personality, and positive social mentality (β = 5.725, P < 0.001) were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience. Being female (β=-0.932, P < 0.001), not being a student leader (β=-0.911, P < 0.001), being anxious (β=-1.845, P < 0.001) and depressed (β=-1.846, P < 0.001), and negative social mentality (β=-0.803, P < 0.001) were less likely to report a higher psychological resilience. Conclusions The psychological resilience of the university students in Shandong Province, China increased significantly from Wave 1 to Wave 3 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Majoring in Art, parents having a greater influence on children’s personality, better mental health, positive social mentality were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience, while female, not student leader, worse mental health, and negative social mentality were less likely to report a higher the psychological resilience. The relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend in psychological resilience and its longitudinal determinants during the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the changes of psychological resilience of university students during COVID-19 pandemic, and further clarify the longitudinal relationship between family factors, mental health, social mentality and psychological resilience. Questionnaires were distributed to students from five universities in Shandong Province, China during the COVID-19. A total of 1635 students were finally included in this three-wave follow-up study using stratified random sampling method. Mental health was assessed by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, social mentality was measured by the Bi-Dimensional Structure Questionnaire of Social Mentality, psychological resilience was evaluated by the Chinese version of the Psychological Resilience Scale. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the longitudinal changes of psychological resilience, generalized estimating equation (GEE) was conducted to estimate the determinants of psychological resilience. Psychological resilience changed from 28.37 in Wave 1, 29.10 in Wave 2, and 29.15 in Wave 3 among the university students. The students who majored in Art ([beta] = 0.872, P = 0.032), parents (mother [beta] = 0.546, P = 0.035; father [beta] = 0.718, P = 0.012) had a greater influence on children's personality, and positive social mentality ([beta] = 5.725, P < 0.001) were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience. Being female ([beta]=-0.932, P < 0.001), not being a student leader ([beta]=-0.911, P < 0.001), being anxious ([beta]=-1.845, P < 0.001) and depressed ([beta]=-1.846, P < 0.001), and negative social mentality ([beta]=-0.803, P < 0.001) were less likely to report a higher psychological resilience. The psychological resilience of the university students in Shandong Province, China increased significantly from Wave 1 to Wave 3 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Majoring in Art, parents having a greater influence on children's personality, better mental health, positive social mentality were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience, while female, not student leader, worse mental health, and negative social mentality were less likely to report a higher the psychological resilience. BackgroundThe relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend in psychological resilience and its longitudinal determinants during the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the changes of psychological resilience of university students during COVID-19 pandemic, and further clarify the longitudinal relationship between family factors, mental health, social mentality and psychological resilience.MethodsQuestionnaires were distributed to students from five universities in Shandong Province, China during the COVID-19. A total of 1635 students were finally included in this three-wave follow-up study using stratified random sampling method. Mental health was assessed by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, social mentality was measured by the Bi-Dimensional Structure Questionnaire of Social Mentality, psychological resilience was evaluated by the Chinese version of the Psychological Resilience Scale. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the longitudinal changes of psychological resilience, generalized estimating equation (GEE) was conducted to estimate the determinants of psychological resilience.ResultsPsychological resilience changed from 28.37 in Wave 1, 29.10 in Wave 2, and 29.15 in Wave 3 among the university students. The students who majored in Art (β = 0.872, P = 0.032), parents (mother β = 0.546, P = 0.035; father β = 0.718, P = 0.012) had a greater influence on children’s personality, and positive social mentality (β = 5.725, P < 0.001) were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience. Being female (β=-0.932, P < 0.001), not being a student leader (β=-0.911, P < 0.001), being anxious (β=-1.845, P < 0.001) and depressed (β=-1.846, P < 0.001), and negative social mentality (β=-0.803, P < 0.001) were less likely to report a higher psychological resilience.ConclusionsThe psychological resilience of the university students in Shandong Province, China increased significantly from Wave 1 to Wave 3 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Majoring in Art, parents having a greater influence on children’s personality, better mental health, positive social mentality were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience, while female, not student leader, worse mental health, and negative social mentality were less likely to report a higher the psychological resilience. The relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend in psychological resilience and its longitudinal determinants during the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the changes of psychological resilience of university students during COVID-19 pandemic, and further clarify the longitudinal relationship between family factors, mental health, social mentality and psychological resilience.BACKGROUNDThe relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend in psychological resilience and its longitudinal determinants during the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the changes of psychological resilience of university students during COVID-19 pandemic, and further clarify the longitudinal relationship between family factors, mental health, social mentality and psychological resilience.Questionnaires were distributed to students from five universities in Shandong Province, China during the COVID-19. A total of 1635 students were finally included in this three-wave follow-up study using stratified random sampling method. Mental health was assessed by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, social mentality was measured by the Bi-Dimensional Structure Questionnaire of Social Mentality, psychological resilience was evaluated by the Chinese version of the Psychological Resilience Scale. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the longitudinal changes of psychological resilience, generalized estimating equation (GEE) was conducted to estimate the determinants of psychological resilience.METHODSQuestionnaires were distributed to students from five universities in Shandong Province, China during the COVID-19. A total of 1635 students were finally included in this three-wave follow-up study using stratified random sampling method. Mental health was assessed by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, social mentality was measured by the Bi-Dimensional Structure Questionnaire of Social Mentality, psychological resilience was evaluated by the Chinese version of the Psychological Resilience Scale. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the longitudinal changes of psychological resilience, generalized estimating equation (GEE) was conducted to estimate the determinants of psychological resilience.Psychological resilience changed from 28.37 in Wave 1, 29.10 in Wave 2, and 29.15 in Wave 3 among the university students. The students who majored in Art (β = 0.872, P = 0.032), parents (mother β = 0.546, P = 0.035; father β = 0.718, P = 0.012) had a greater influence on children's personality, and positive social mentality (β = 5.725, P < 0.001) were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience. Being female (β=-0.932, P < 0.001), not being a student leader (β=-0.911, P < 0.001), being anxious (β=-1.845, P < 0.001) and depressed (β=-1.846, P < 0.001), and negative social mentality (β=-0.803, P < 0.001) were less likely to report a higher psychological resilience.RESULTSPsychological resilience changed from 28.37 in Wave 1, 29.10 in Wave 2, and 29.15 in Wave 3 among the university students. The students who majored in Art (β = 0.872, P = 0.032), parents (mother β = 0.546, P = 0.035; father β = 0.718, P = 0.012) had a greater influence on children's personality, and positive social mentality (β = 5.725, P < 0.001) were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience. Being female (β=-0.932, P < 0.001), not being a student leader (β=-0.911, P < 0.001), being anxious (β=-1.845, P < 0.001) and depressed (β=-1.846, P < 0.001), and negative social mentality (β=-0.803, P < 0.001) were less likely to report a higher psychological resilience.The psychological resilience of the university students in Shandong Province, China increased significantly from Wave 1 to Wave 3 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Majoring in Art, parents having a greater influence on children's personality, better mental health, positive social mentality were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience, while female, not student leader, worse mental health, and negative social mentality were less likely to report a higher the psychological resilience.CONCLUSIONSThe psychological resilience of the university students in Shandong Province, China increased significantly from Wave 1 to Wave 3 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Majoring in Art, parents having a greater influence on children's personality, better mental health, positive social mentality were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience, while female, not student leader, worse mental health, and negative social mentality were less likely to report a higher the psychological resilience. Background The relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend in psychological resilience and its longitudinal determinants during the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the changes of psychological resilience of university students during COVID-19 pandemic, and further clarify the longitudinal relationship between family factors, mental health, social mentality and psychological resilience. Methods Questionnaires were distributed to students from five universities in Shandong Province, China during the COVID-19. A total of 1635 students were finally included in this three-wave follow-up study using stratified random sampling method. Mental health was assessed by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, social mentality was measured by the Bi-Dimensional Structure Questionnaire of Social Mentality, psychological resilience was evaluated by the Chinese version of the Psychological Resilience Scale. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the longitudinal changes of psychological resilience, generalized estimating equation (GEE) was conducted to estimate the determinants of psychological resilience. Results Psychological resilience changed from 28.37 in Wave 1, 29.10 in Wave 2, and 29.15 in Wave 3 among the university students. The students who majored in Art ([beta] = 0.872, P = 0.032), parents (mother [beta] = 0.546, P = 0.035; father [beta] = 0.718, P = 0.012) had a greater influence on children's personality, and positive social mentality ([beta] = 5.725, P < 0.001) were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience. Being female ([beta]=-0.932, P < 0.001), not being a student leader ([beta]=-0.911, P < 0.001), being anxious ([beta]=-1.845, P < 0.001) and depressed ([beta]=-1.846, P < 0.001), and negative social mentality ([beta]=-0.803, P < 0.001) were less likely to report a higher psychological resilience. Conclusions The psychological resilience of the university students in Shandong Province, China increased significantly from Wave 1 to Wave 3 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Majoring in Art, parents having a greater influence on children's personality, better mental health, positive social mentality were more likely to report a higher psychological resilience, while female, not student leader, worse mental health, and negative social mentality were less likely to report a higher the psychological resilience. Keywords: Psychological resilience, Mental health, Depression, Anxiety, Social mentality, University students, Longitudinal study, COVID-19 |
ArticleNumber | 823 |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Nie, Limei Li, Shixue Su, Baochen Zhao, Jiajia Xu, Xixing Li, Jiajia Pan, Lutong Kong, Fanlei Wang, Jieru Chen, Rui Pang, Mingli Zhao, Jingjing Li, Hexian Liu, Hui Zhou, Yue |
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BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39563324$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2025_1541605 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40359_024_02251_1 |
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Keywords | COVID-19 University students Longitudinal study Mental health Depression Anxiety Psychological resilience Social mentality |
Language | English |
License | 2024. The Author(s). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
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Snippet | The relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend in... Background The relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend... BackgroundThe relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on the trend... Abstract Background The relationship between public health emergencies and psychological distress had been well known, yet none research had been conducted on... |
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SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Anxiety Child & adolescent mental health Children & youth China - epidemiology College campuses College students Colleges & universities Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 - psychology Depression Families & family life Female Health aspects Humans Longitudinal Studies Male Medicine Mental depression Mental Health Pandemics Parents & parenting Personality Psychological aspects Psychological resilience Public health Questionnaires Resilience (Personality trait) Resilience (Psychology) Resilience, Psychological Response rates Social interactions Social mentality Social networks Sociodemographics Statistical sampling Students - psychology Surveys Surveys and Questionnaires Teenagers Universities University students Young Adult |
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