Use of a 'microecological technique' to study crime incidents around methadone maintenance treatment centers

• Published in: Addiction (Abingdon, England) Vol. 107; no. 9; pp. 1632 - 1638
• Main Authors: Boyd, Susan J., Fang, Li Juan, Medoff, Deborah R., Dixon, Lisa B., Gorelick, David A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.09.2012; Blackwell
• Subjects: Addictive behaviors; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Baltimore - epidemiology; Biological and medical sciences; Care and treatment; Cities; Commerce - statistics & numerical data; Constraints; Crime; Crime - statistics & numerical data; Crime and criminals; Crime Prevention; Criminal statistics; Dependency rehabilitation; Drug addiction; Drug addicts; Female; geocoding; Geographic location; Hospitals; Hospitals, General - statistics & numerical data; Humans; Location; Male; Medical sciences; Medical treatment; Medicine; Methadone; Methadone - therapeutic use; Methadone Maintenance; Narcotics - therapeutic use; neighborhood; Neighborhoods; Opiate Substitution Treatment - methods; Opiates; Opioid-Related Disorders - epidemiology; Opioid-Related Disorders - rehabilitation; Police; Police departments; Prescription Drug Misuse; Private stores; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Regression Analysis; Residential areas; Satellites; spatial analysis; Streets; Substance abuse treatment; Substance Abuse Treatment Centers - statistics & numerical data; U.S.A; Baltimore; Consumption; Human; Social influence; Drug addiction; Center; Mishap; Replacement therapy; Proximity; methadone maintenance; Criminality; Use; Spatial analysis; Opiates; Residential neighborhoods; Methadone; Narcotic analgesic; Murder; Addiction; geocoding; Maintenance treatment; Crime; Technique; neighborhood
• ISSN: 0965-2140; 1360-0443
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03872.x

ABSTRACT Aims  Concern about crime is a significant barrier to the establishment of methadone treatment centers (MTCs). Methadone maintenance reduces crime among those treated, but the relationship between MTCs and neighborhood crime is unknown. We evaluated crime around MTCs. Setting  Baltimore City, MD, USA. Participants  We evaluated crime around 13 MTCs and three types of control locations: 13 convenience stores (stores), 13 residential points and 10 general medical hospitals. Measures  We collected reports of Part 1 crimes from 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2001 from the Baltimore City Police Department. Design  Crimes and residential point locations were mapped electronically by street address (geocoded), and MTCs, hospitals and stores were mapped by visiting the sites with a global positioning satellite (GPS) locator. Concentric circular ‘buffers’ were drawn at 25‐m intervals up to 300 m around each site. We used Poisson regression to assess the relationship between crime counts (incidents per unit area) and distance from the site. Findings  There was no significant geographic relationship between crime counts and MTCs or hospitals. A significant negative relationship (parameter estimate −0.3127, P < 0.04) existed around stores in the daytime (7 am–7 pm), indicating higher crime counts closer to the stores. We found a significant positive relationship around residential points during daytime (0.5180, P < 0.0001) and at night (0.3303, P < 0.0001), indicating higher crime counts further away. Conclusions  Methadone treatment centers, in contrast to convenience stores, are not associated geographically with crime.