Machine learning assisted Cameriere method for dental age estimation

Recently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML) methods can improve the accuracy of dental age estimation, no machine learning research exists on the use of the Cameriere dental age estimation method, making th...

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Published inBMC oral health Vol. 21; no. 1; pp. 641 - 10
Main Authors Shen, Shihui, Liu, Zihao, Wang, Jian, Fan, Linfeng, Ji, Fang, Tao, Jiang
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England BioMed Central Ltd 15.12.2021
BioMed Central
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ISSN1472-6831
1472-6831
DOI10.1186/s12903-021-01996-0

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Abstract Recently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML) methods can improve the accuracy of dental age estimation, no machine learning research exists on the use of the Cameriere dental age estimation method, making this research innovative and meaningful. The purpose of this research is to use 7 lower left permanent teeth and three models [random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and linear regression (LR)] based on the Cameriere method to predict children's dental age, and compare with the Cameriere age estimation. This was a retrospective study that collected and analyzed orthopantomograms of 748 children (356 females and 392 males) aged 5-13 years. Data were randomly divided into training and test datasets in an 80-20% proportion for the ML algorithms. The procedure, starting with randomly creating new training and test datasets, was repeated 20 times. 7 permanent developing teeth on the left mandible (except wisdom teeth) were recorded using the Cameriere method. Then, the traditional Cameriere formula and three models (RF, SVM, and LR) were used to estimate the dental age. The age prediction accuracy was measured by five indicators: the coefficient of determination (R ), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The research showed that the ML models have better accuracy than the traditional Cameriere formula. The ME, MAE, MSE, and RMSE values of the SVM model (0.004, 0.489, 0.392, and 0.625, respectively) and the RF model (- 0.004, 0.495, 0.389, and 0.623, respectively) were lower with the highest accuracy. In contrast, the ME, MAE, MSE and RMSE of the European Cameriere formula were 0.592, 0.846, 0.755, and 0.869, respectively, and those of the Chinese Cameriere formula were 0.748, 0.812, 0.890 and 0.943, respectively. Compared to the Cameriere formula, ML methods based on the Cameriere's maturation stages were more accurate in estimating dental age. These results support the use of ML algorithms instead of the traditional Cameriere formula.
AbstractList Recently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML) methods can improve the accuracy of dental age estimation, no machine learning research exists on the use of the Cameriere dental age estimation method, making this research innovative and meaningful. The purpose of this research is to use 7 lower left permanent teeth and three models [random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and linear regression (LR)] based on the Cameriere method to predict children's dental age, and compare with the Cameriere age estimation. This was a retrospective study that collected and analyzed orthopantomograms of 748 children (356 females and 392 males) aged 5-13 years. Data were randomly divided into training and test datasets in an 80-20% proportion for the ML algorithms. The procedure, starting with randomly creating new training and test datasets, was repeated 20 times. 7 permanent developing teeth on the left mandible (except wisdom teeth) were recorded using the Cameriere method. Then, the traditional Cameriere formula and three models (RF, SVM, and LR) were used to estimate the dental age. The age prediction accuracy was measured by five indicators: the coefficient of determination (R.sup.2), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The research showed that the ML models have better accuracy than the traditional Cameriere formula. The ME, MAE, MSE, and RMSE values of the SVM model (0.004, 0.489, 0.392, and 0.625, respectively) and the RF model (- 0.004, 0.495, 0.389, and 0.623, respectively) were lower with the highest accuracy. In contrast, the ME, MAE, MSE and RMSE of the European Cameriere formula were 0.592, 0.846, 0.755, and 0.869, respectively, and those of the Chinese Cameriere formula were 0.748, 0.812, 0.890 and 0.943, respectively. Compared to the Cameriere formula, ML methods based on the Cameriere's maturation stages were more accurate in estimating dental age. These results support the use of ML algorithms instead of the traditional Cameriere formula.
Recently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML) methods can improve the accuracy of dental age estimation, no machine learning research exists on the use of the Cameriere dental age estimation method, making this research innovative and meaningful. The purpose of this research is to use 7 lower left permanent teeth and three models [random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and linear regression (LR)] based on the Cameriere method to predict children's dental age, and compare with the Cameriere age estimation. This was a retrospective study that collected and analyzed orthopantomograms of 748 children (356 females and 392 males) aged 5-13 years. Data were randomly divided into training and test datasets in an 80-20% proportion for the ML algorithms. The procedure, starting with randomly creating new training and test datasets, was repeated 20 times. 7 permanent developing teeth on the left mandible (except wisdom teeth) were recorded using the Cameriere method. Then, the traditional Cameriere formula and three models (RF, SVM, and LR) were used to estimate the dental age. The age prediction accuracy was measured by five indicators: the coefficient of determination (R ), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The research showed that the ML models have better accuracy than the traditional Cameriere formula. The ME, MAE, MSE, and RMSE values of the SVM model (0.004, 0.489, 0.392, and 0.625, respectively) and the RF model (- 0.004, 0.495, 0.389, and 0.623, respectively) were lower with the highest accuracy. In contrast, the ME, MAE, MSE and RMSE of the European Cameriere formula were 0.592, 0.846, 0.755, and 0.869, respectively, and those of the Chinese Cameriere formula were 0.748, 0.812, 0.890 and 0.943, respectively. Compared to the Cameriere formula, ML methods based on the Cameriere's maturation stages were more accurate in estimating dental age. These results support the use of ML algorithms instead of the traditional Cameriere formula.
Abstract Background Recently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML) methods can improve the accuracy of dental age estimation, no machine learning research exists on the use of the Cameriere dental age estimation method, making this research innovative and meaningful. Aim The purpose of this research is to use 7 lower left permanent teeth and three models [random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and linear regression (LR)] based on the Cameriere method to predict children's dental age, and compare with the Cameriere age estimation. Subjects and methods This was a retrospective study that collected and analyzed orthopantomograms of 748 children (356 females and 392 males) aged 5–13 years. Data were randomly divided into training and test datasets in an 80–20% proportion for the ML algorithms. The procedure, starting with randomly creating new training and test datasets, was repeated 20 times. 7 permanent developing teeth on the left mandible (except wisdom teeth) were recorded using the Cameriere method. Then, the traditional Cameriere formula and three models (RF, SVM, and LR) were used to estimate the dental age. The age prediction accuracy was measured by five indicators: the coefficient of determination (R2), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Results The research showed that the ML models have better accuracy than the traditional Cameriere formula. The ME, MAE, MSE, and RMSE values of the SVM model (0.004, 0.489, 0.392, and 0.625, respectively) and the RF model (− 0.004, 0.495, 0.389, and 0.623, respectively) were lower with the highest accuracy. In contrast, the ME, MAE, MSE and RMSE of the European Cameriere formula were 0.592, 0.846, 0.755, and 0.869, respectively, and those of the Chinese Cameriere formula were 0.748, 0.812, 0.890 and 0.943, respectively. Conclusions Compared to the Cameriere formula, ML methods based on the Cameriere’s maturation stages were more accurate in estimating dental age. These results support the use of ML algorithms instead of the traditional Cameriere formula.
Background Recently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML) methods can improve the accuracy of dental age estimation, no machine learning research exists on the use of the Cameriere dental age estimation method, making this research innovative and meaningful. Aim The purpose of this research is to use 7 lower left permanent teeth and three models [random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and linear regression (LR)] based on the Cameriere method to predict children's dental age, and compare with the Cameriere age estimation. Subjects and methods This was a retrospective study that collected and analyzed orthopantomograms of 748 children (356 females and 392 males) aged 5-13 years. Data were randomly divided into training and test datasets in an 80-20% proportion for the ML algorithms. The procedure, starting with randomly creating new training and test datasets, was repeated 20 times. 7 permanent developing teeth on the left mandible (except wisdom teeth) were recorded using the Cameriere method. Then, the traditional Cameriere formula and three models (RF, SVM, and LR) were used to estimate the dental age. The age prediction accuracy was measured by five indicators: the coefficient of determination (R.sup.2), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Results The research showed that the ML models have better accuracy than the traditional Cameriere formula. The ME, MAE, MSE, and RMSE values of the SVM model (0.004, 0.489, 0.392, and 0.625, respectively) and the RF model (- 0.004, 0.495, 0.389, and 0.623, respectively) were lower with the highest accuracy. In contrast, the ME, MAE, MSE and RMSE of the European Cameriere formula were 0.592, 0.846, 0.755, and 0.869, respectively, and those of the Chinese Cameriere formula were 0.748, 0.812, 0.890 and 0.943, respectively. Conclusions Compared to the Cameriere formula, ML methods based on the Cameriere's maturation stages were more accurate in estimating dental age. These results support the use of ML algorithms instead of the traditional Cameriere formula. Keywords: Machine learning, Dental age, Tooth development, Cameriere
Background Recently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML) methods can improve the accuracy of dental age estimation, no machine learning research exists on the use of the Cameriere dental age estimation method, making this research innovative and meaningful. Aim The purpose of this research is to use 7 lower left permanent teeth and three models [random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and linear regression (LR)] based on the Cameriere method to predict children's dental age, and compare with the Cameriere age estimation. Subjects and methods This was a retrospective study that collected and analyzed orthopantomograms of 748 children (356 females and 392 males) aged 5–13 years. Data were randomly divided into training and test datasets in an 80–20% proportion for the ML algorithms. The procedure, starting with randomly creating new training and test datasets, was repeated 20 times. 7 permanent developing teeth on the left mandible (except wisdom teeth) were recorded using the Cameriere method. Then, the traditional Cameriere formula and three models (RF, SVM, and LR) were used to estimate the dental age. The age prediction accuracy was measured by five indicators: the coefficient of determination (R2), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Results The research showed that the ML models have better accuracy than the traditional Cameriere formula. The ME, MAE, MSE, and RMSE values of the SVM model (0.004, 0.489, 0.392, and 0.625, respectively) and the RF model (− 0.004, 0.495, 0.389, and 0.623, respectively) were lower with the highest accuracy. In contrast, the ME, MAE, MSE and RMSE of the European Cameriere formula were 0.592, 0.846, 0.755, and 0.869, respectively, and those of the Chinese Cameriere formula were 0.748, 0.812, 0.890 and 0.943, respectively. Conclusions Compared to the Cameriere formula, ML methods based on the Cameriere’s maturation stages were more accurate in estimating dental age. These results support the use of ML algorithms instead of the traditional Cameriere formula.
Recently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML) methods can improve the accuracy of dental age estimation, no machine learning research exists on the use of the Cameriere dental age estimation method, making this research innovative and meaningful.BACKGROUNDRecently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML) methods can improve the accuracy of dental age estimation, no machine learning research exists on the use of the Cameriere dental age estimation method, making this research innovative and meaningful.The purpose of this research is to use 7 lower left permanent teeth and three models [random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and linear regression (LR)] based on the Cameriere method to predict children's dental age, and compare with the Cameriere age estimation.AIMThe purpose of this research is to use 7 lower left permanent teeth and three models [random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and linear regression (LR)] based on the Cameriere method to predict children's dental age, and compare with the Cameriere age estimation.This was a retrospective study that collected and analyzed orthopantomograms of 748 children (356 females and 392 males) aged 5-13 years. Data were randomly divided into training and test datasets in an 80-20% proportion for the ML algorithms. The procedure, starting with randomly creating new training and test datasets, was repeated 20 times. 7 permanent developing teeth on the left mandible (except wisdom teeth) were recorded using the Cameriere method. Then, the traditional Cameriere formula and three models (RF, SVM, and LR) were used to estimate the dental age. The age prediction accuracy was measured by five indicators: the coefficient of determination (R2), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE).SUBJECTS AND METHODSThis was a retrospective study that collected and analyzed orthopantomograms of 748 children (356 females and 392 males) aged 5-13 years. Data were randomly divided into training and test datasets in an 80-20% proportion for the ML algorithms. The procedure, starting with randomly creating new training and test datasets, was repeated 20 times. 7 permanent developing teeth on the left mandible (except wisdom teeth) were recorded using the Cameriere method. Then, the traditional Cameriere formula and three models (RF, SVM, and LR) were used to estimate the dental age. The age prediction accuracy was measured by five indicators: the coefficient of determination (R2), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE).The research showed that the ML models have better accuracy than the traditional Cameriere formula. The ME, MAE, MSE, and RMSE values of the SVM model (0.004, 0.489, 0.392, and 0.625, respectively) and the RF model (- 0.004, 0.495, 0.389, and 0.623, respectively) were lower with the highest accuracy. In contrast, the ME, MAE, MSE and RMSE of the European Cameriere formula were 0.592, 0.846, 0.755, and 0.869, respectively, and those of the Chinese Cameriere formula were 0.748, 0.812, 0.890 and 0.943, respectively.RESULTSThe research showed that the ML models have better accuracy than the traditional Cameriere formula. The ME, MAE, MSE, and RMSE values of the SVM model (0.004, 0.489, 0.392, and 0.625, respectively) and the RF model (- 0.004, 0.495, 0.389, and 0.623, respectively) were lower with the highest accuracy. In contrast, the ME, MAE, MSE and RMSE of the European Cameriere formula were 0.592, 0.846, 0.755, and 0.869, respectively, and those of the Chinese Cameriere formula were 0.748, 0.812, 0.890 and 0.943, respectively.Compared to the Cameriere formula, ML methods based on the Cameriere's maturation stages were more accurate in estimating dental age. These results support the use of ML algorithms instead of the traditional Cameriere formula.CONCLUSIONSCompared to the Cameriere formula, ML methods based on the Cameriere's maturation stages were more accurate in estimating dental age. These results support the use of ML algorithms instead of the traditional Cameriere formula.
ArticleNumber 641
Audience Academic
Author Shen, Shihui
Liu, Zihao
Wang, Jian
Ji, Fang
Fan, Linfeng
Tao, Jiang
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  givenname: Jian
  surname: Wang
  fullname: Wang, Jian
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  surname: Ji
  fullname: Ji, Fang
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  surname: Tao
  fullname: Tao, Jiang
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34911516$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 1
Keywords Cameriere
Tooth development
Dental age
Machine learning
Language English
License 2021. The Author(s).
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Snippet Recently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML) methods can improve...
Background Recently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML) methods...
Abstract Background Recently, the dental age estimation method developed by Cameriere has been widely recognized and accepted. Although machine learning (ML)...
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StartPage 641
SubjectTerms Accuracy
Age
Age determination
Age determination (Zoology)
Age Determination by Teeth
Algorithms
Artificial intelligence
Cameriere
Child development
Children
Datasets
Dental age
Dental jurisprudence
Dentition, Permanent
Expected values
Female
Forensic odontology
Health aspects
Humans
Learning algorithms
Machine Learning
Male
Mandible
Mean square errors
Methods
Pediatric research
Physiological aspects
Radiography, Panoramic
Regression analysis
Retrospective Studies
Support vector machines
Technology application
Teenagers
Teeth
Tooth development
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Title Machine learning assisted Cameriere method for dental age estimation
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