How do contextual factors influence naloxone distribution from syringe service programs in the USA: a cross-sectional study
Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that provide a range of evidence-based interventions in the USA, including naloxone distribution. Attributes of SSPs make them ideal settings for naloxone dis...
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Published in | Harm reduction journal Vol. 20; no. 1; p. 26 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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BioMed Central Ltd
28.02.2023
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Abstract | Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that provide a range of evidence-based interventions in the USA, including naloxone distribution. Attributes of SSPs make them ideal settings for naloxone distribution-they have staff and delivery models that are designed to reach people who use drugs where they are. We assessed which outer and inner setting factors of SSPs were associated with naloxone distribution in the USA.
We surveyed SSPs in the USA known to the North American Syringe Exchange Network in 2019. Using the exploration, preparation, implementation and maintenance framework, we assessed inner and outer contextual factors associated with naloxone distribution among SSPs (n = 263 or 77% of SSPs). We utilized negative binomial regression to assess which factors were associated with the number of naloxone doses distributed and people receiving naloxone.
SSPs reported distributing 710,232 naloxone doses to 230,506 people in the prior year. Regarding outer setting, SSPs located in areas with high levels of community support had a higher level of naloxone distribution (aIRR = 3.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.09-4.51; p < 0.001) and 110% (p = 0.022) higher rate of people receiving naloxone (aIRR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.46-3.02; p < 0.001) in the past 12 months. The legal status of SSPs and the level of need was not significantly associated with naloxone distribution. Regarding inner setting, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.27-3.41; p = 0.004), greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.09 per day; 95% CI 1.06-1.11; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.06 per year; 95% CI 1.02-1.11; p = 0.004) were associated with higher levels of naloxone distribution. Also, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.23; 95% CI 1.38-3.58; p = 0.001); greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.07; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.05-1.17; p < 0.001) were associated with a higher number of people receiving naloxone.
We identified outer and inner setting factors of SSPs that were associated with greater naloxone distribution. It is critical to ensure SSPs are adequately resourced to build community support for services and develop service delivery models that maximize naloxone distribution to address the nation's opioid overdose crisis. |
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AbstractList | BACKGROUNDNaloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that provide a range of evidence-based interventions in the USA, including naloxone distribution. Attributes of SSPs make them ideal settings for naloxone distribution-they have staff and delivery models that are designed to reach people who use drugs where they are. We assessed which outer and inner setting factors of SSPs were associated with naloxone distribution in the USA. METHODSWe surveyed SSPs in the USA known to the North American Syringe Exchange Network in 2019. Using the exploration, preparation, implementation and maintenance framework, we assessed inner and outer contextual factors associated with naloxone distribution among SSPs (n = 263 or 77% of SSPs). We utilized negative binomial regression to assess which factors were associated with the number of naloxone doses distributed and people receiving naloxone. RESULTSSSPs reported distributing 710,232 naloxone doses to 230,506 people in the prior year. Regarding outer setting, SSPs located in areas with high levels of community support had a higher level of naloxone distribution (aIRR = 3.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.09-4.51; p < 0.001) and 110% (p = 0.022) higher rate of people receiving naloxone (aIRR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.46-3.02; p < 0.001) in the past 12 months. The legal status of SSPs and the level of need was not significantly associated with naloxone distribution. Regarding inner setting, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.27-3.41; p = 0.004), greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.09 per day; 95% CI 1.06-1.11; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.06 per year; 95% CI 1.02-1.11; p = 0.004) were associated with higher levels of naloxone distribution. Also, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.23; 95% CI 1.38-3.58; p = 0.001); greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.07; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.05-1.17; p < 0.001) were associated with a higher number of people receiving naloxone. CONCLUSIONWe identified outer and inner setting factors of SSPs that were associated with greater naloxone distribution. It is critical to ensure SSPs are adequately resourced to build community support for services and develop service delivery models that maximize naloxone distribution to address the nation's opioid overdose crisis. Abstract Background Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that provide a range of evidence-based interventions in the USA, including naloxone distribution. Attributes of SSPs make them ideal settings for naloxone distribution—they have staff and delivery models that are designed to reach people who use drugs where they are. We assessed which outer and inner setting factors of SSPs were associated with naloxone distribution in the USA. Methods We surveyed SSPs in the USA known to the North American Syringe Exchange Network in 2019. Using the exploration, preparation, implementation and maintenance framework, we assessed inner and outer contextual factors associated with naloxone distribution among SSPs (n = 263 or 77% of SSPs). We utilized negative binomial regression to assess which factors were associated with the number of naloxone doses distributed and people receiving naloxone. Results SSPs reported distributing 710,232 naloxone doses to 230,506 people in the prior year. Regarding outer setting, SSPs located in areas with high levels of community support had a higher level of naloxone distribution (aIRR = 3.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.09–4.51; p < 0.001) and 110% (p = 0.022) higher rate of people receiving naloxone (aIRR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.46–3.02; p < 0.001) in the past 12 months. The legal status of SSPs and the level of need was not significantly associated with naloxone distribution. Regarding inner setting, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.27–3.41; p = 0.004), greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.09 per day; 95% CI 1.06–1.11; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.06 per year; 95% CI 1.02–1.11; p = 0.004) were associated with higher levels of naloxone distribution. Also, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.23; 95% CI 1.38–3.58; p = 0.001); greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.02–1.07; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.05–1.17; p < 0.001) were associated with a higher number of people receiving naloxone. Conclusion We identified outer and inner setting factors of SSPs that were associated with greater naloxone distribution. It is critical to ensure SSPs are adequately resourced to build community support for services and develop service delivery models that maximize naloxone distribution to address the nation’s opioid overdose crisis. Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that provide a range of evidence-based interventions in the USA, including naloxone distribution. Attributes of SSPs make them ideal settings for naloxone distribution-they have staff and delivery models that are designed to reach people who use drugs where they are. We assessed which outer and inner setting factors of SSPs were associated with naloxone distribution in the USA. We surveyed SSPs in the USA known to the North American Syringe Exchange Network in 2019. Using the exploration, preparation, implementation and maintenance framework, we assessed inner and outer contextual factors associated with naloxone distribution among SSPs (n = 263 or 77% of SSPs). We utilized negative binomial regression to assess which factors were associated with the number of naloxone doses distributed and people receiving naloxone. SSPs reported distributing 710,232 naloxone doses to 230,506 people in the prior year. Regarding outer setting, SSPs located in areas with high levels of community support had a higher level of naloxone distribution (aIRR = 3.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.09-4.51; p < 0.001) and 110% (p = 0.022) higher rate of people receiving naloxone (aIRR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.46-3.02; p < 0.001) in the past 12 months. The legal status of SSPs and the level of need was not significantly associated with naloxone distribution. Regarding inner setting, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.27-3.41; p = 0.004), greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.09 per day; 95% CI 1.06-1.11; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.06 per year; 95% CI 1.02-1.11; p = 0.004) were associated with higher levels of naloxone distribution. Also, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.23; 95% CI 1.38-3.58; p = 0.001); greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.07; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.05-1.17; p < 0.001) were associated with a higher number of people receiving naloxone. We identified outer and inner setting factors of SSPs that were associated with greater naloxone distribution. It is critical to ensure SSPs are adequately resourced to build community support for services and develop service delivery models that maximize naloxone distribution to address the nation's opioid overdose crisis. Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that provide a range of evidence-based interventions in the USA, including naloxone distribution. Attributes of SSPs make them ideal settings for naloxone distribution--they have staff and delivery models that are designed to reach people who use drugs where they are. We assessed which outer and inner setting factors of SSPs were associated with naloxone distribution in the USA. We surveyed SSPs in the USA known to the North American Syringe Exchange Network in 2019. Using the exploration, preparation, implementation and maintenance framework, we assessed inner and outer contextual factors associated with naloxone distribution among SSPs (n = 263 or 77% of SSPs). We utilized negative binomial regression to assess which factors were associated with the number of naloxone doses distributed and people receiving naloxone. SSPs reported distributing 710,232 naloxone doses to 230,506 people in the prior year. Regarding outer setting, SSPs located in areas with high levels of community support had a higher level of naloxone distribution (aIRR = 3.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.09-4.51; p < 0.001) and 110% (p = 0.022) higher rate of people receiving naloxone (aIRR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.46-3.02; p < 0.001) in the past 12 months. The legal status of SSPs and the level of need was not significantly associated with naloxone distribution. Regarding inner setting, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.27-3.41; p = 0.004), greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.09 per day; 95% CI 1.06-1.11; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.06 per year; 95% CI 1.02-1.11; p = 0.004) were associated with higher levels of naloxone distribution. Also, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.23; 95% CI 1.38-3.58; p = 0.001); greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.07; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.05-1.17; p < 0.001) were associated with a higher number of people receiving naloxone. We identified outer and inner setting factors of SSPs that were associated with greater naloxone distribution. It is critical to ensure SSPs are adequately resourced to build community support for services and develop service delivery models that maximize naloxone distribution to address the nation's opioid overdose crisis. Background Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that provide a range of evidence-based interventions in the USA, including naloxone distribution. Attributes of SSPs make them ideal settings for naloxone distribution--they have staff and delivery models that are designed to reach people who use drugs where they are. We assessed which outer and inner setting factors of SSPs were associated with naloxone distribution in the USA. Methods We surveyed SSPs in the USA known to the North American Syringe Exchange Network in 2019. Using the exploration, preparation, implementation and maintenance framework, we assessed inner and outer contextual factors associated with naloxone distribution among SSPs (n = 263 or 77% of SSPs). We utilized negative binomial regression to assess which factors were associated with the number of naloxone doses distributed and people receiving naloxone. Results SSPs reported distributing 710,232 naloxone doses to 230,506 people in the prior year. Regarding outer setting, SSPs located in areas with high levels of community support had a higher level of naloxone distribution (aIRR = 3.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.09-4.51; p < 0.001) and 110% (p = 0.022) higher rate of people receiving naloxone (aIRR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.46-3.02; p < 0.001) in the past 12 months. The legal status of SSPs and the level of need was not significantly associated with naloxone distribution. Regarding inner setting, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.27-3.41; p = 0.004), greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.09 per day; 95% CI 1.06-1.11; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.06 per year; 95% CI 1.02-1.11; p = 0.004) were associated with higher levels of naloxone distribution. Also, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.23; 95% CI 1.38-3.58; p = 0.001); greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.07; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.05-1.17; p < 0.001) were associated with a higher number of people receiving naloxone. Conclusion We identified outer and inner setting factors of SSPs that were associated with greater naloxone distribution. It is critical to ensure SSPs are adequately resourced to build community support for services and develop service delivery models that maximize naloxone distribution to address the nation's opioid overdose crisis. Keywords: Syringe services programs, Opioid overdose, Naloxone distribution, Implementation science Abstract Background Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that provide a range of evidence-based interventions in the USA, including naloxone distribution. Attributes of SSPs make them ideal settings for naloxone distribution—they have staff and delivery models that are designed to reach people who use drugs where they are. We assessed which outer and inner setting factors of SSPs were associated with naloxone distribution in the USA. Methods We surveyed SSPs in the USA known to the North American Syringe Exchange Network in 2019. Using the exploration, preparation, implementation and maintenance framework, we assessed inner and outer contextual factors associated with naloxone distribution among SSPs ( n = 263 or 77% of SSPs). We utilized negative binomial regression to assess which factors were associated with the number of naloxone doses distributed and people receiving naloxone. Results SSPs reported distributing 710,232 naloxone doses to 230,506 people in the prior year. Regarding outer setting, SSPs located in areas with high levels of community support had a higher level of naloxone distribution (aIRR = 3.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.09–4.51; p < 0.001) and 110% ( p = 0.022) higher rate of people receiving naloxone (aIRR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.46–3.02; p < 0.001) in the past 12 months. The legal status of SSPs and the level of need was not significantly associated with naloxone distribution. Regarding inner setting, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.27–3.41; p = 0.004), greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.09 per day; 95% CI 1.06–1.11; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.06 per year; 95% CI 1.02–1.11; p = 0.004) were associated with higher levels of naloxone distribution. Also, SSPs with proactive refill systems (aIRR = 2.23; 95% CI 1.38–3.58; p = 0.001); greater number of distribution days (aIRR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.02–1.07; p < 0.001) and older programs (aIRR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.05–1.17; p < 0.001) were associated with a higher number of people receiving naloxone. Conclusion We identified outer and inner setting factors of SSPs that were associated with greater naloxone distribution. It is critical to ensure SSPs are adequately resourced to build community support for services and develop service delivery models that maximize naloxone distribution to address the nation’s opioid overdose crisis. |
ArticleNumber | 26 |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Bartholomew, Tyler S Kral, Alex H O'Neill, Savannah Tookes, Hansel E Bluthenthal, Ricky LaKosky, Paul Lambdin, Barrot H Wenger, Lynn |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Barrot H surname: Lambdin fullname: Lambdin, Barrot H email: blambdin@rti.org, blambdin@rti.org, blambdin@rti.org organization: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. blambdin@rti.org – sequence: 2 givenname: Lynn surname: Wenger fullname: Wenger, Lynn organization: RTI International, Berkeley, CA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Ricky surname: Bluthenthal fullname: Bluthenthal, Ricky organization: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Tyler S surname: Bartholomew fullname: Bartholomew, Tyler S organization: University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Hansel E surname: Tookes fullname: Tookes, Hansel E organization: University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Paul surname: LaKosky fullname: LaKosky, Paul organization: North American Syringe Exchange Network, Tacoma, WA, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Savannah surname: O'Neill fullname: O'Neill, Savannah organization: National Harm Reduction Coalition, Oakland, CA, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Alex H surname: Kral fullname: Kral, Alex H organization: RTI International, Berkeley, CA, USA |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36855181$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drugpo_2023_104107 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12954_024_00995_y crossref_primary_10_1186_s13012_024_01354_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drugpo_2024_104456 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drugpo_2023_104289 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drugpo_2024_104462 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_peptides_2024_171268 |
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Keywords | Opioid overdose Implementation science Syringe services programs Naloxone distribution |
Language | English |
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PublicationDate | 2023-02-28 |
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PublicationTitle | Harm reduction journal |
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References | 755_CR5 755_CR6 A Wodak (755_CR13) 2006; 41 BH Lambdin (755_CR16) 2018; 52 CL Mattson (755_CR4) 2021; 70 EL Winstanley (755_CR20) 2016; 37 B Tempalski (755_CR29) 2007; 97 AS Bennett (755_CR19) 2022; 19 AY Walley (755_CR25) 2013; 346 EN Kinnard (755_CR18) 2021; 225 EH Teshale (755_CR36) 2019; 14 RA Rudd (755_CR1) 2016; 65 CM Jones (755_CR31) 2019; 70 N Wilson (755_CR2) 2020; 69 SM Bird (755_CR26) 2019; 393 CS Davis (755_CR10) 2014; 104 755_CR32 755_CR11 B Lambdin (755_CR35) 2022; 17 B Tempalski (755_CR28) 2007; 38 WJ Ferguson (755_CR39) 2019; 7 KG Heinzerling (755_CR14) 2007; 32 755_CR17 SM Bird (755_CR27) 2016; 111 755_CR37 755_CR12 BH Lambdin (755_CR34) 2018; 188 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (755_CR40) 2010; 59 GA Aarons (755_CR22) 2011; 38 RE Giglio (755_CR9) 2015; 2 JC Moullin (755_CR24) 2019; 14 JM Chamberlain (755_CR7) 1994; 12 (755_CR23) 2012 H Hedegaard (755_CR3) 2020; 356 DC Perlman (755_CR15) 1997; 87 C Michiels (755_CR8) 2004; 164 LD Wenger (755_CR38) 2021; 234 L Black (755_CR21) 2017; 112 MA Irvine (755_CR30) 2022; 7 BH Lambdin (755_CR33) 2022; 17 |
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Snippet | Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that provide a... Abstract Background Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention... Background Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that... BackgroundNaloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that... BACKGROUNDNaloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention programs that... Abstract Background Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. Syringe service programs (SSPs) are community-based prevention... |
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SubjectTerms | Community involvement Confidence intervals Consent Cross-Sectional Studies Distribution Dosage and administration Drug dosages Drug overdose Drug Overdose - prevention & control Drug use Drugs Electronic mail systems Evidence-based medicine Fatalities Harm reduction Humans Implementation science Intervention Methods Mortality Naloxone Naloxone - therapeutic use Naloxone distribution Narcotics Opiate Overdose Opioid overdose Opioids Overdose Participation Prevention programs Review boards Social support Statistical analysis Syringe services programs Syringes United States |
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Title | How do contextual factors influence naloxone distribution from syringe service programs in the USA: a cross-sectional study |
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