Turnover of labile and recalcitrant soil carbon differ in response to nitrate and ammonium deposition in an ombrotrophic peatland

The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an ombrotrophic peatland. We investigated the mineralization of simple forms of carbon using MicroResp[trade mark sign] measurements (a multiple substrate indu...

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Published in	Global change biology Vol. 16; no. 8; pp. 2307 - 2321
Main Authors	CURREY, PAULINE M, JOHNSON, DAVID, SHEPPARD, LUCY J, LEITH, IAN D, TOBERMAN, HANNAH, van derWAL, RENÉ, DAWSON, LORNA A, ARTZ, REBEKKA R.E
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Oxford, UK Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.08.2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Wiley-Blackwell
Subjects	acid phosphatase Ammonium ammonium nitrate Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biological and medical sciences Carbon carbon turnover cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase Decomposition Enzymatic activity enzyme activity Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Geochemistry Mineralization monophenol monooxygenase Nitrates Nitrogen nitrogen deposition Nutrients peatland peatlands Phenols Respiration Simulation soil soil enzymes Soil sciences Soils substrate-induced respiration Wetlands Ammonium Atmospheric fallout nitrogen deposition peatland Nitrates carbon turnover Nitrogen Carbon Peat bog Substrate Soils Enzymatic activity enzyme activity Turnover Respiration substrate-induced respiration
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Abstract	The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an ombrotrophic peatland. We investigated the mineralization of simple forms of carbon using MicroResp[trade mark sign] measurements (a multiple substrate induced respiration technique) and the activities of four soil enzymes involved in the decomposition of more complex forms of carbon or in nutrient acquisition: N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), acid phosphatase (AP), and phenol oxidase (PO). The potential mineralization of labile forms of carbon was significantly enhanced at the higher N additions, especially with NH₄⁺ amendments, while potential enzyme activities involved in breakdown of more complex forms of carbon or nutrient acquisition decreased slightly (NAG and CBH) or remained unchanged (AP and PO) with N amendments. This study also showed the importance of distinguishing between NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ amendments, as their impact often differed. It is possible that the limited response on potential extracellular enzyme activity is due to other factors, such as limited exposure to the added N in the deeper soil or continued suboptimal functioning of the enzymes due to the low pH, possibly via the inhibitory effect of low phenol oxidase activity.
AbstractList	The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an ombrotrophic peatland. We investigated the mineralization of simple forms of carbon using MicroResp[trade mark sign] measurements (a multiple substrate induced respiration technique) and the activities of four soil enzymes involved in the decomposition of more complex forms of carbon or in nutrient acquisition: N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), acid phosphatase (AP), and phenol oxidase (PO). The potential mineralization of labile forms of carbon was significantly enhanced at the higher N additions, especially with NH₄⁺ amendments, while potential enzyme activities involved in breakdown of more complex forms of carbon or nutrient acquisition decreased slightly (NAG and CBH) or remained unchanged (AP and PO) with N amendments. This study also showed the importance of distinguishing between NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ amendments, as their impact often differed. It is possible that the limited response on potential extracellular enzyme activity is due to other factors, such as limited exposure to the added N in the deeper soil or continued suboptimal functioning of the enzymes due to the low pH, possibly via the inhibitory effect of low phenol oxidase activity. The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an ombrotrophic peatland. We investigated the mineralization of simple forms of carbon using MicroResp measurements (a multiple substrate induced respiration technique) and the activities of four soil enzymes involved in the decomposition of more complex forms of carbon or in nutrient acquisition: N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), acid phosphatase (AP), and phenol oxidase (PO). The potential mineralization of labile forms of carbon was significantly enhanced at the higher N additions, especially with NH4+ amendments, while potential enzyme activities involved in breakdown of more complex forms of carbon or nutrient acquisition decreased slightly (NAG and CBH) or remained unchanged (AP and PO) with N amendments. This study also showed the importance of distinguishing between NO3- and NH4+ amendments, as their impact often differed. It is possible that the limited response on potential extracellular enzyme activity is due to other factors, such as limited exposure to the added N in the deeper soil or continued suboptimal functioning of the enzymes due to the low pH, possibly via the inhibitory effect of low phenol oxidase activity. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an ombrotrophic peatland. We investigated the mineralization of simple forms of carbon using MicroResp™ measurements (a multiple substrate induced respiration technique) and the activities of four soil enzymes involved in the decomposition of more complex forms of carbon or in nutrient acquisition: N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase (NAG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), acid phosphatase (AP), and phenol oxidase (PO). The potential mineralization of labile forms of carbon was significantly enhanced at the higher N additions, especially with NH4+ amendments, while potential enzyme activities involved in breakdown of more complex forms of carbon or nutrient acquisition decreased slightly (NAG and CBH) or remained unchanged (AP and PO) with N amendments. This study also showed the importance of distinguishing between NO3− and NH4+ amendments, as their impact often differed. It is possible that the limited response on potential extracellular enzyme activity is due to other factors, such as limited exposure to the added N in the deeper soil or continued suboptimal functioning of the enzymes due to the low pH, possibly via the inhibitory effect of low phenol oxidase activity. The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO 3 − ) and ammonium (NH 4 + ), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an ombrotrophic peatland. We investigated the mineralization of simple forms of carbon using MicroResp ™ measurements (a multiple substrate induced respiration technique) and the activities of four soil enzymes involved in the decomposition of more complex forms of carbon or in nutrient acquisition: N ‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase (NAG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), acid phosphatase (AP), and phenol oxidase (PO). The potential mineralization of labile forms of carbon was significantly enhanced at the higher N additions, especially with NH 4 + amendments, while potential enzyme activities involved in breakdown of more complex forms of carbon or nutrient acquisition decreased slightly (NAG and CBH) or remained unchanged (AP and PO) with N amendments. This study also showed the importance of distinguishing between NO 3 − and NH 4 + amendments, as their impact often differed. It is possible that the limited response on potential extracellular enzyme activity is due to other factors, such as limited exposure to the added N in the deeper soil or continued suboptimal functioning of the enzymes due to the low pH, possibly via the inhibitory effect of low phenol oxidase activity. The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an ombrotrophic peatland. We investigated the mineralization of simple forms of carbon using MicroResp+ measurements (a multiple substrate induced respiration technique) and the activities of four soil enzymes involved in the decomposition of more complex forms of carbon or in nutrient acquisition: N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), acid phosphatase (AP), and phenol oxidase (PO). The potential mineralization of labile forms of carbon was significantly enhanced at the higher N additions, especially with NH4+ amendments, while potential enzyme activities involved in breakdown of more complex forms of carbon or nutrient acquisition decreased slightly (NAG and CBH) or remained unchanged (AP and PO) with N amendments. This study also showed the importance of distinguishing between NO3- and NH4+ amendments, as their impact often differed. It is possible that the limited response on potential extracellular enzyme activity is due to other factors, such as limited exposure to the added N in the deeper soil or continued suboptimal functioning of the enzymes due to the low pH, possibly via the inhibitory effect of low phenol oxidase activity.
Author	CURREY, PAULINE M. LEITH, IAN D. ARTZ, REBEKKA R. E. TOBERMAN, HANNAH JOHNSON, DAVID SHEPPARD, LUCY J. Van Der WAL, RENÉ DAWSON, LORNA A.
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Keywords	Ammonium Atmospheric fallout nitrogen deposition peatland Nitrates carbon turnover Nitrogen Carbon Peat bog Substrate Soils Enzymatic activity enzyme activity Turnover Respiration substrate-induced respiration
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Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, 1814-1821. Toberman H, Freeman C, Artz RRE, Evans CD, Fenner N (2008a) Impeded drainage stimulates extracellular phenol oxidase activity in riparian peat cores. Soil Use and Management, 24, 357-365. Bragazza L, Freeman C (2007) High nitrogen availability reduces polyphenol content in Sphagnum peat. Science of the Total Environment, 377, 439-443. Freeman C, Ostle N, Kang H (2001) An enzymic 'latch' on a global carbon store - a shortage of oxygen locks up carbon in peatlands by restraining a single enzyme. Nature, 409, 149. Sinsabaugh RL, Lauber CL, Weintraub MN et al. (2008) Stoichiometry of soil enzyme activity at global scale. Ecology Letters, 11, 1252-1264. Phuyal M, Artz RRE, Sheppard L, Leith ID, Johnson D (2008) Long-term nitrogen deposition increases phosphorus limitation of bryophytes in an ombrotrophic bog. Plant Ecology, 196, 111-121. Waldrop MP, Zak DR, Sinsabaugh RL, Gallo M, Lauber C (2004) Nitrogen deposition modifies soil carbon storage through changes in microbial enzymatic activity. Ecological Applications, 14, 1172-1177. Criquet S, Tagger S, Vogt G, Iacazio G, Le petit J (1999) Laccase activity of forest litter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31, 1239-1244. Chapman SJ, Campbell CD, Artz RRE (2007) Assessing CLPPs using MicroResp™- a comparison with Biolog and multi-SIR. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 7, 406-410. Flanagen PW, Van Cleve K (1983) Nutrient cycling in relation to decomposition and organic-matter quality in taiga ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 13, 795-817. Leith ID, Pitcairn CER, Sheppard LJ et al. (2002) A comparison of impacts of N deposition applied as NH3 or as NH4Cl on ombrotrophic mire vegetation. Phyton - Annales Rei Botanicae, 42, 83-88. Carreiro MM, Sinsabaugh RL, Repert DA, Parkhurst DF (2000) Microbial enzyme shifts explain litter decay responses to simulated nitrogen deposition. Ecology, 81, 2359-2365. Rodwell JS (1991) British Plant Communities: Mires and Heath's. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Artz RRE, Chapman SJ, Campbell CD (2006) Substrate utilisation profiles of microbial communities in peat are depth dependent and correlate with whole soil FTIR profiles. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38, 2958-2962. Skinner RA, Ineson P, Jones H, Sleep D, Leith ID, Sheppard LJ (2006) Heathland vegetation as a biomonitor for nitrogen deposition and source attribution using δ15N values. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 498-507. Keeler BL, Hobbie SE, Kellogg LE (2009) Effects of long-term nitrogen addition on microbial enzyme activity in eight forested and grassland sites: implications for litter and soil organic matter decomposition. Ecosystems, 12, 1-15. Pulford ID, Tabatabai MA (1988) Effect of waterlogging on enzyme activities in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 20, 215-219. Zak DR, Kling GW (2006) Microbial community composition and function across an arctic tundra landscape. Ecology, 87, 1659-1670. DeForest JL, Zak DR, Pregitzer KS, Burton AJ (2004) Atmospheric nitrate deposition, microbial community composition, and enzyme activity in northern hardwood forests. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, 132-138. Limpens J, Berendse F (2003) How litter quality affects mass loss and N loss from decomposing Sphagnum. Oikos, 103, 537-547. Waksman SA, Stevens KR (1929) Contributions to the chemical composition of peat. III. Chemical studies of two Florida peat profiles. Soil Science, 27, 271-281. Li YH, Vitt DH (1997) Patterns of retention and utilization of aerially deposited nitrogen in boreal peatlands. Ecoscience, 4, 106-117. 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Pind A, Freeman C, Lock MA (1994) Enzymatic degradation of phenolic materials in peatlands - measurement of phenol oxidase activity. Plant and Soil, 159, 227-231. Cai TT, Yost RS, Olsen TW (1994) Potential errors in the use of the Murphy and Riley method for determination of phosphorus in soil extracts. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 25, 3129-3146. Sinsabaugh RL, Antibus RK, Linkins AE (1991) Method for assessing soil microbial population, activity and biomass. An enzymic approach to the analysis of microbial activity during plant litter decomposition. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 34, 43-54. Vance ED, Chapin FS III (2001) Substrate limitations to microbial activity in taiga forest floors. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 33, 173-188. Verschot LV, Borelli T (2005) Application of para-nitrophenol (pNP) enzyme assays in degraded tropical soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, 625-633. Zeglin LH, Stursova M, Sinsabaugh RL, Collins SL (2007) Microbial responses to nitrogen additions in three contrasting grassland ecosystems. Oecologia, 154, 349-359. Schimel JP, Weintraub MN (2003) The implications of exoenzyme activity on microbial carbon and nitrogen limitation in soil: a theoretical model. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, 549-563. Rousk J, Brookes PC, Bååth E (2009) Contrasting soil pH effects on fungal and bacterial growth suggest functional redundancy in carbon mineralization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 1589-1596. Aerts R, Van Logtestijn R, Karlsson PS (2006) Nitrogen supply differentially affects litter decomposition rates and nitrogen dynamics of sub-arctic bog species. Oecologia, 146, 652-658. Freeman C, Liska G, Ostle NJ, Jones SE, Lock MA (1995) The use of fluorogenic substrates for measuring enzyme activity in peatlands. Plant and Soil, 175, 147-152. Bragazza L, Freeman C, Jones T et al. (2006) Atmospheric nitrogen deposition promotes carbon loss from peat bogs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 19386-19389. Gunnarson U, Bronge LB, Rydin H, Ohlson M (2008) Near-zero recent carbon accumulation in a bog with high nitrogen deposition in SW Sweden. Global Change Biology, 14, 2152-2165. Knorr M, Frey SD, Curtis PS (2005) Nitrogen additions and litter decomposition: a meta-analysis. Ecology, 86, 3252-3257. Campbell CD, Chapman SJ, Cameron CM, Davidson MS, Potts JM (2003) A rapid microtiter plate method to measure carbon dioxide evolved from carbon substrate amendments so as to determine the physiological profiles of soil microbial communities by using whole soil. Applied and Environmental Micr 1993; 25 2000; 48 2006; 38 2004; 68 2004; 4 1994; 25 1994; 26 1995; 175 1997; 4 1983; 13 1997; 7 2009; 12 2007; 377 2007; 173 2002; 42 1996; 180 1993; 74 2007; 7 2005; 37 2008; 196 1991; 1 1994; 159 1991; 34 2002; 5 2002; 34 2000; 20 2008; 14 2003; 35 2005; 86 2001; 409 1994 1929; 27 2004 2008; 11 1991 1998; 64 2007; 13 2004; 10 2008a; 24 2009; 75 2006; 40 2004; 18 1990; 28 2006; 87 1947; 11 1997; 30 2004; 14 2007; 154 2003; 69 2008b; 66 1995; 104 2000; 81 1999; 31 1992; 24 1998; 103 1988; 63 1988; 20 2001; 33 2003; 103 2006; 103 2006; 146 e_1_2_6_51_1 e_1_2_6_53_1 e_1_2_6_32_1 e_1_2_6_30_1 e_1_2_6_19_1 e_1_2_6_13_1 e_1_2_6_59_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_34_1 e_1_2_6_17_1 e_1_2_6_55_1 e_1_2_6_15_1 e_1_2_6_38_1 e_1_2_6_57_1 e_1_2_6_62_1 e_1_2_6_64_1 e_1_2_6_43_1 Malmer N (e_1_2_6_39_1) 1990; 28 e_1_2_6_20_1 e_1_2_6_41_1 e_1_2_6_60_1 e_1_2_6_9_1 Gruber N (e_1_2_6_27_1) 2004 e_1_2_6_5_1 e_1_2_6_7_1 e_1_2_6_24_1 e_1_2_6_49_1 e_1_2_6_3_1 Rodwell JS (e_1_2_6_46_1) 1991 e_1_2_6_22_1 e_1_2_6_66_1 e_1_2_6_28_1 e_1_2_6_45_1 e_1_2_6_26_1 e_1_2_6_47_1 e_1_2_6_52_1 e_1_2_6_54_1 e_1_2_6_10_1 e_1_2_6_31_1 e_1_2_6_50_1 e_1_2_6_14_1 e_1_2_6_35_1 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_33_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 e_1_2_6_56_1 e_1_2_6_16_1 e_1_2_6_37_1 e_1_2_6_58_1 e_1_2_6_63_1 e_1_2_6_42_1 Leith ID (e_1_2_6_36_1) 2002; 42 e_1_2_6_65_1 e_1_2_6_21_1 e_1_2_6_40_1 Vitousek PM (e_1_2_6_61_1) 1997; 7 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_4_1 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_25_1 e_1_2_6_48_1 e_1_2_6_23_1 e_1_2_6_2_1 e_1_2_6_29_1 e_1_2_6_44_1
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Snippet	The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an ombrotrophic... The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an ombrotrophic... The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO 3 − ) and ammonium (NH 4 + ), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an... The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an ombrotrophic...
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SubjectTerms	acid phosphatase Ammonium ammonium nitrate Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biological and medical sciences Carbon carbon turnover cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase Decomposition Enzymatic activity enzyme activity Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects Geochemistry Mineralization monophenol monooxygenase Nitrates Nitrogen nitrogen deposition Nutrients peatland peatlands Phenols Respiration Simulation soil soil enzymes Soil sciences Soils substrate-induced respiration Wetlands
Title	Turnover of labile and recalcitrant soil carbon differ in response to nitrate and ammonium deposition in an ombrotrophic peatland
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