Revisiting the Backward Masking Deficit in Schizophrenia: Individual Differences in Performance and Modeling With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Deficits in backward masking have been variably reported in schizophrenia patients, but individual differences in the expression of these deficits have not been explicitly investigated. In addition, increased knowledge of the visual system has opened the door for new techniques such as transcranial...
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| Published in | Biological psychiatry (1969) Vol. 62; no. 7; pp. 793 - 799 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New York, NY
Elsevier Inc
01.10.2007
Elsevier Science |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0006-3223 1873-2402 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.10.007 |
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| Abstract | Deficits in backward masking have been variably reported in schizophrenia patients, but individual differences in the expression of these deficits have not been explicitly investigated. In addition, increased knowledge of the visual system has opened the door for new techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore these deficits physiologically.
Patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls were tested using a backward masking paradigm. In order to examine the functionality of visual pathways involved in backward masking, subjects were retested on a backward masking paradigm using single pulse TMS applied to occipital cortex in lieu of the masking stimuli.
Compared with controls, patients had significantly delayed recovery from visual backward masking. However, 23.5% of patients (compared to 5% of controls) never recovered to levels approaching unmasked performance. When these subjects were segregated from the analysis, group differences vanished. In addition, stimulus masking with occipital TMS followed the same pattern in both patients and controls.
Observations of individual differences in visual masking performance may identify a subgroup of schizophrenia patients. The TMS data suggest that this deficit may not localize to the occipital cortex. However, TMS can be a useful tool for localizing processing deficits in schizophrenia. |
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| AbstractList | Deficits in backward masking have been variably reported in schizophrenia patients, but individual differences in the expression of these deficits have not been explicitly investigated. In addition, increased knowledge of the visual system has opened the door for new techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore these deficits physiologically.BACKGROUNDDeficits in backward masking have been variably reported in schizophrenia patients, but individual differences in the expression of these deficits have not been explicitly investigated. In addition, increased knowledge of the visual system has opened the door for new techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore these deficits physiologically.Patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls were tested using a backward masking paradigm. In order to examine the functionality of visual pathways involved in backward masking, subjects were retested on a backward masking paradigm using single pulse TMS applied to occipital cortex in lieu of the masking stimuli.METHODSPatients with schizophrenia and healthy controls were tested using a backward masking paradigm. In order to examine the functionality of visual pathways involved in backward masking, subjects were retested on a backward masking paradigm using single pulse TMS applied to occipital cortex in lieu of the masking stimuli.Compared with controls, patients had significantly delayed recovery from visual backward masking. However, 23.5% of patients (compared to 5% of controls) never recovered to levels approaching unmasked performance. When these subjects were segregated from the analysis, group differences vanished. In addition, stimulus masking with occipital TMS followed the same pattern in both patients and controls.RESULTSCompared with controls, patients had significantly delayed recovery from visual backward masking. However, 23.5% of patients (compared to 5% of controls) never recovered to levels approaching unmasked performance. When these subjects were segregated from the analysis, group differences vanished. In addition, stimulus masking with occipital TMS followed the same pattern in both patients and controls.Observations of individual differences in visual masking performance may identify a subgroup of schizophrenia patients. The TMS data suggest that this deficit may not localize to the occipital cortex. However, TMS can be a useful tool for localizing processing deficits in schizophrenia.CONCLUSIONSObservations of individual differences in visual masking performance may identify a subgroup of schizophrenia patients. The TMS data suggest that this deficit may not localize to the occipital cortex. However, TMS can be a useful tool for localizing processing deficits in schizophrenia. BackgroundDeficits in backward masking have been variably reported in schizophrenia patients, but individual differences in the expression of these deficits have not been explicitly investigated. In addition, increased knowledge of the visual system has opened the door for new techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore these deficits physiologically. MethodsPatients with schizophrenia and healthy controls were tested using a backward masking paradigm. In order to examine the functionality of visual pathways involved in backward masking, subjects were retested on a backward masking paradigm using single pulse TMS applied to occipital cortex in lieu of the masking stimuli. ResultsCompared with controls, patients had significantly delayed recovery from visual backward masking. However, 23.5% of patients (compared to 5% of controls) never recovered to levels approaching unmasked performance. When these subjects were segregated from the analysis, group differences vanished. In addition, stimulus masking with occipital TMS followed the same pattern in both patients and controls. ConclusionsObservations of individual differences in visual masking performance may identify a subgroup of schizophrenia patients. The TMS data suggest that this deficit may not localize to the occipital cortex. However, TMS can be a useful tool for localizing processing deficits in schizophrenia. Deficits in backward masking have been variably reported in schizophrenia patients, but individual differences in the expression of these deficits have not been explicitly investigated. In addition, increased knowledge of the visual system has opened the door for new techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore these deficits physiologically. Patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls were tested using a backward masking paradigm. In order to examine the functionality of visual pathways involved in backward masking, subjects were retested on a backward masking paradigm using single pulse TMS applied to occipital cortex in lieu of the masking stimuli. Compared with controls, patients had significantly delayed recovery from visual backward masking. However, 23.5% of patients (compared to 5% of controls) never recovered to levels approaching unmasked performance. When these subjects were segregated from the analysis, group differences vanished. In addition, stimulus masking with occipital TMS followed the same pattern in both patients and controls. Observations of individual differences in visual masking performance may identify a subgroup of schizophrenia patients. The TMS data suggest that this deficit may not localize to the occipital cortex. However, TMS can be a useful tool for localizing processing deficits in schizophrenia. |
| Author | Stanford, Arielle D. Lisanby, Sarah H. Malaspina, Dolores Luber, Bruce |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Bruce surname: Luber fullname: Luber, Bruce email: luberbr@pi.cpmc.columbia.edu organization: Brain Stimulation and Therapeutic Modulation Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York – sequence: 2 givenname: Arielle D. surname: Stanford fullname: Stanford, Arielle D. organization: Brain Stimulation and Therapeutic Modulation Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York – sequence: 3 givenname: Dolores surname: Malaspina fullname: Malaspina, Dolores organization: Division of Clinical Neurobiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York – sequence: 4 givenname: Sarah H. surname: Lisanby fullname: Lisanby, Sarah H. organization: Brain Stimulation and Therapeutic Modulation Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York |
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| Keywords | visual masking occipital cortex schizophrenia transcranial magnetic stimulation Individual differences Transcranial magnetic stimulation Central nervous system Schizophrenia Encephalon Psychosis Occipital cortex Vision Interindividual comparison Magnetic stimulus Perception Masking Performance |
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| Snippet | Deficits in backward masking have been variably reported in schizophrenia patients, but individual differences in the expression of these deficits have not... BackgroundDeficits in backward masking have been variably reported in schizophrenia patients, but individual differences in the expression of these deficits... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Adult and adolescent clinical studies Analysis of Variance Biological and medical sciences Female Humans Individual differences Individuality Male Medical sciences occipital cortex Perceptual Masking - physiology Photic Stimulation Psychiatric/Mental Health Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychomotor Performance - physiology Psychopathology. Psychiatry Psychoses Schizophrenia Schizophrenic Psychology Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation visual masking Visual Pathways - physiology |
| Title | Revisiting the Backward Masking Deficit in Schizophrenia: Individual Differences in Performance and Modeling With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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