A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments
Public opinion often depends on how elites choose to frame issues. For example, citizens’ opinions about a Ku Klux Klan rally may depend on whether elites frame the event as a free‐speech issue or a public safety issue. Past research has focused largely on documenting the size of framing effects in...
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| Published in | Journal of communication Vol. 57; no. 1; pp. 99 - 118 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Malden, USA
Blackwell Publishing Inc
01.03.2007
Oxford University Press |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Public opinion often depends on how elites choose to frame issues. For example, citizens’ opinions about a Ku Klux Klan rally may depend on whether elites frame the event as a free‐speech issue or a public safety issue. Past research has focused largely on documenting the size of framing effects in uncontested settings. By contrast, there has been little research on framing in competitive environments in which individuals receive multiple frames representing alternative positions on an issue. We take an initial step toward understanding how frames work in competitive environments by integrating research on attitude structure and persuasion. Our theory of framing identifies the key individual and contextual parameters that determine which of many competing frames will have an effect on public opinion.
Résumé
Théorie sur le cadrage et la formation de l’opinion dans des environnements concurrentiels d’élite
L’opinion publique est souvent tributaire de la manière dont les élites choisissent de cadrer les enjeux. Par exemple, l’opinion des citoyens à propos d’une manifestation du Ku Klux Klan peut dépendre du cadrage opéré par l’élite, selon que celui‐ci montre l’événement comme un enjeux de liberté d’expression ou de sécurité publique. Dans le passé, la recherche a focalisé largement sur le fait de documenter l’importance que revêtent les effets du cadrage dans des contextes dénués de confrontation. Par contraste, peu de recherches ont porté sur le cadrage dans des environnements concurrentiels où les individus composent avec une multitude de cadrages traduisant diverses positions en regard d’une situation donnée. Nous effectuons une première démarche en vue de comprendre le fonctionnement des cadres dans les environnements concurrentiels, en intégrant la recherche sur la structuration de l’attitude et la persuasion. Notre théorie du cadrage identifie les principaux paramètres individuels et contextuels qui déterminent lesquels des nombreux cadres concurrents exerceront un effet sur l’opinion publique.
Framing‐ und Meinungsbildungstheorie in konkurrenzbetonten Eliteumgebungen
Die öffentliche Meinung hängt oft davon ab, wie ein Thema von Eliten geframt wird. Beispielsweise könnte die Meinung der Bürger über ein Ku Klux Klan Treffen davon beeinflusst sein, ob Eliten diese Veranstaltung als eine Thematik der freien Meinungsäußerung oder der öffentlichen Sicherheit rahmen. Forschungsaktivitäten haben sich bislang eher darauf konzentriert, das Ausmaß eines Framing‐Effekts in eindeutig zuordenbaren Situationen zu dokumentieren. Im Gegensatz dazu gibt es wenig Forschungsbemühungen, die Framing‐Effekte in konkurrenzbetonten Umgebungen untersuchen, in denen Individuen verschiedenen Frames aufgrund unterschiedlicher Positionen zu einem Thema ausgesetzt sind. Mit diesem Artikel unternehmen wir einen ersten Schritt hin zu einem besseren Verständnis von Frames in konkurrenzbetonten Umgebungen, indem wir Ansätze zur Einstellungsstruktur und Persuasion integrieren. Unsere Framing‐Theorie identifiziert die individuellen und kontextualen Hauptparameter, die darüber entscheiden, welcher der konkurrierenden Frames einen Effekt auf die öffentliche Meinung haben wird.
Resumen
Una Teoría del Framing y la Formación de Opinión en Contextos Competitivos de Élite
La opinión pública depende a menudo de cómo las élites eligen encuadrar ciertos asuntos. Por ejemplo, las opiniones de los ciudadanos acerca del mitin del Ku Klux Klan dependen de cómo las élites encuadren esta información, ya sea como un asunto de libre expresión ó como un asunto de seguridad pública. Las investigaciones previas se han concentrado en documentar extensamente la envergadura de los efectos del framing en escenarios incontestados. En contraste, ha habido pocas investigaciones sobre el efecto del framing en contextos competitivos en los cuales los individuos reciben múltiples encuadres representando posiciones alternativas sobre un asunto. Tomamos un paso inicial hacia el entendimiento de cómo estos encuadres funcionan en un contexto competitivo mediante la integración de investigaciones sobre la estructura actitudinal y la persuasión. Nuestra teoría del framing identifica los parámetros individuales y contextuales claves que determinan cuál de los varios encuadres en competencia tendrá un efecto en la opinión pública.
ZhaiYao
Yo yak |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Public opinion often depends on how elites choose to frame issues. For example, citizens' opinions about a Ku Klux Klan rally may depend on whether elites frame the event as a free-speech issue or a public safety issue. Past research has focused largely on documenting the size of framing effects in uncontested settings. By contrast, there has been little research on framing in competitive environments in which individuals receive multiple frames representing alternative positions on an issue. We take an initial step toward understanding how frames work in competitive environments by integrating research on attitude structure and persuasion. Our theory of framing identifies the key individual and contextual parameters that determine which of many competing frames will have an effect on public opinion. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Public opinion often depends on how elites choose to frame issues. For example, citizens' opinions about a Ku Klux Klan rally may depend on whether elites frame the event as a free-speech issue or a public safety issue. Past research has focused largely on documenting the size of framing effects in uncontested settings. By contrast, there has been little research on framing in competitive environments in which individuals receive multiple frames representing alternative positions on an issue. We take an initial step toward understanding how frames work in competitive environments by integrating research on attitude structure and persuasion. Our theory of framing identifies the key individual and contextual parameters that determine which of many competing frames will have an effect on public opinion. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishers Public opinion often depends on how elites choose to frame issues. For example, citizens' opinions about a Ku Klux Klan rally may depend on whether elites frame the event as a free-speech issue or a public safety issue. Past research has focused largely on documenting the size of framing effects in uncontested settings. By contrast, there has been little research on framing in competitive environments in which individuals receive multiple frames representing alternative positions on an issue. We take an initial step toward understanding how frames work in competitive environments by integrating research on attitude structure and persuasion. Our theory of framing identifies the key individual and contextual parameters that determine which of many competing frames will have an effect on public opinion. ZhaiYao Yo yak ResumenUna Teoria del Framing y la Formacion de Opinion en Contextos Competitivos de EliteLa opinion publica depende a menudo de como las elites eligen encuadrar ciertos asuntos. Por ejemplo, las opiniones de los ciudadanos acerca del mitin del Ku Klux Klan dependen de como las elites encuadren esta informacion, ya sea como un asunto de libre expresion o como un asunto de seguridad publica. Las investigaciones previas se han concentrado en documentar extensamente la envergadura de los efectos del framing en escenarios incontestados. En contraste, ha habido pocas investigaciones sobre el efecto del framing en contextos competitivos en los cuales los individuos reciben multiples encuadres representando posiciones alternativas sobre un asunto. Tomamos un paso inicial hacia el entendimiento de como estos encuadres funcionan en un contexto competitivo mediante la integracion de investigaciones sobre la estructura actitudinal y la persuasion. Nuestra teoria del framing identifica los parametros individuales y contextuales claves que determinan cual de los varios encuadres en competencia tendra un efecto en la opinion publica. AbstractFraming- und Meinungsbildungstheorie in konkurrenzbetonten EliteumgebungenDie offentliche Meinung hangt oft davon ab, wie ein Thema von Eliten geframt wird. Beispielsweise konnte die Meinung der Burger uber ein Ku Klux Klan Treffen davon beeinflusst sein, ob Eliten diese Veranstaltung als eine Thematik der freien Meinungsausserung oder der offentlichen Sicherheit rahmen. Forschungsaktivitaten haben sich bislang eher darauf konzentriert, das Ausmass eines Framing-Effekts in eindeutig zuordenbaren Situationen zu dokumentieren. Im Gegensatz dazu gibt es wenig Forschungsbemuhungen, die Framing-Effekte in konkurrenzbetonten Umgebungen untersuchen, in denen Individuen verschiedenen Frames aufgrund unterschiedlicher Positionen zu einem Thema ausgesetzt sind. Mit diesem Artikel unternehmen wir einen ersten Schritt hin zu einem besseren Verstandnis von Frames in konkurrenzbetonten Umgebungen, indem wir Ansatze zur Einstellungsstruktur und Persuasion integrieren. Unsere Framing-Theorie identifiziert die individuellen und kontextualen Hauptparameter, die daruber entscheiden, welcher der konkurrierenden Frames einen Effekt auf die offentliche Meinung haben wird. ResumeTheorie sur le cadrage et la formation de l'opinion dans des environnements concurrentiels d'eliteL'opinion publique est souvent tributaire de la maniere dont les elites choisissent de cadrer les enjeux. Par exemple, l'opinion des citoyens a propos d'une manifestation du Ku Klux Klan peut dependre du cadrage opere par l'elite, selon que celui-ci montre l'evenement comme un enjeux de liberte d'expression ou de securite publique. Dans le passe, la recherche a focalise largement sur le fait de documenter l'importance que revetent les effets du cadrage dans des contextes denues de confrontation. Par contraste, peu de recherches ont porte sur le cadrage dans des environnements concurrentiels ou les individus composent avec une multitude de cadrages traduisant diverses positions en regard d'une situation donnee. Nous effectuons une premiere demarche en vue de comprendre le fonctionnement des cadres dans les environnements concurrentiels, en integrant la recherche sur la structuration de l'attitude et la persuasion. Notre theorie du cadrage identifie les principaux parametres individuels et contextuels qui determinent lesquels des nombreux cadres concurrents exerceront un effet sur l'opinion publique. Public opinion often depends on how elites choose to frame issues. For example, citizens’ opinions about a Ku Klux Klan rally may depend on whether elites frame the event as a free‐speech issue or a public safety issue. Past research has focused largely on documenting the size of framing effects in uncontested settings. By contrast, there has been little research on framing in competitive environments in which individuals receive multiple frames representing alternative positions on an issue. We take an initial step toward understanding how frames work in competitive environments by integrating research on attitude structure and persuasion. Our theory of framing identifies the key individual and contextual parameters that determine which of many competing frames will have an effect on public opinion. Résumé Théorie sur le cadrage et la formation de l’opinion dans des environnements concurrentiels d’élite L’opinion publique est souvent tributaire de la manière dont les élites choisissent de cadrer les enjeux. Par exemple, l’opinion des citoyens à propos d’une manifestation du Ku Klux Klan peut dépendre du cadrage opéré par l’élite, selon que celui‐ci montre l’événement comme un enjeux de liberté d’expression ou de sécurité publique. Dans le passé, la recherche a focalisé largement sur le fait de documenter l’importance que revêtent les effets du cadrage dans des contextes dénués de confrontation. Par contraste, peu de recherches ont porté sur le cadrage dans des environnements concurrentiels où les individus composent avec une multitude de cadrages traduisant diverses positions en regard d’une situation donnée. Nous effectuons une première démarche en vue de comprendre le fonctionnement des cadres dans les environnements concurrentiels, en intégrant la recherche sur la structuration de l’attitude et la persuasion. Notre théorie du cadrage identifie les principaux paramètres individuels et contextuels qui déterminent lesquels des nombreux cadres concurrents exerceront un effet sur l’opinion publique. Framing‐ und Meinungsbildungstheorie in konkurrenzbetonten Eliteumgebungen Die öffentliche Meinung hängt oft davon ab, wie ein Thema von Eliten geframt wird. Beispielsweise könnte die Meinung der Bürger über ein Ku Klux Klan Treffen davon beeinflusst sein, ob Eliten diese Veranstaltung als eine Thematik der freien Meinungsäußerung oder der öffentlichen Sicherheit rahmen. Forschungsaktivitäten haben sich bislang eher darauf konzentriert, das Ausmaß eines Framing‐Effekts in eindeutig zuordenbaren Situationen zu dokumentieren. Im Gegensatz dazu gibt es wenig Forschungsbemühungen, die Framing‐Effekte in konkurrenzbetonten Umgebungen untersuchen, in denen Individuen verschiedenen Frames aufgrund unterschiedlicher Positionen zu einem Thema ausgesetzt sind. Mit diesem Artikel unternehmen wir einen ersten Schritt hin zu einem besseren Verständnis von Frames in konkurrenzbetonten Umgebungen, indem wir Ansätze zur Einstellungsstruktur und Persuasion integrieren. Unsere Framing‐Theorie identifiziert die individuellen und kontextualen Hauptparameter, die darüber entscheiden, welcher der konkurrierenden Frames einen Effekt auf die öffentliche Meinung haben wird. Resumen Una Teoría del Framing y la Formación de Opinión en Contextos Competitivos de Élite La opinión pública depende a menudo de cómo las élites eligen encuadrar ciertos asuntos. Por ejemplo, las opiniones de los ciudadanos acerca del mitin del Ku Klux Klan dependen de cómo las élites encuadren esta información, ya sea como un asunto de libre expresión ó como un asunto de seguridad pública. Las investigaciones previas se han concentrado en documentar extensamente la envergadura de los efectos del framing en escenarios incontestados. En contraste, ha habido pocas investigaciones sobre el efecto del framing en contextos competitivos en los cuales los individuos reciben múltiples encuadres representando posiciones alternativas sobre un asunto. Tomamos un paso inicial hacia el entendimiento de cómo estos encuadres funcionan en un contexto competitivo mediante la integración de investigaciones sobre la estructura actitudinal y la persuasión. Nuestra teoría del framing identifica los parámetros individuales y contextuales claves que determinan cuál de los varios encuadres en competencia tendrá un efecto en la opinión pública. ZhaiYao Yo yak |
| Author | Druckman, James N. Chong, Dennis |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Dennis surname: Chong fullname: Chong, Dennis organization: Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 – sequence: 2 givenname: James N. surname: Druckman fullname: Druckman, James N. email: druckman@northwestern.edu organization: Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 |
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Mass Communication & Society, 3, 297-316. 1999, October 8 1987; 3 1983; 19 2002; 52 2004; 29 2000; 3 2000; 44 1999; 49 1999, September 30 2000; 50 1974 2001a; 22 2005; 26 2005; 27 2001b; 63 1997; 91 1998; 15 2001c; 23 2001 2000 1997; 13 1995; 21 1987 1997; 19 2003; 47 1999, September 29 1981 1996; 24 1998; 10 1996; 23 1987; 13 1980; 27 1986; 50 1988; 18 1995; 16 1993; 43 1997; 24 1988; 55 1997 1996 1995 2005 2004 2004b; 25 1993 2003 1992 1991 2001; 22 2003; 30 2001; 63 1999 1989; 95 1990; 23 1998; Vol. II 2004a; 98 2002; 66 1977; 13 1998; 74 1990; 8 2005; 55 2003; 65 Haider-Markel (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB34) 2001; 63 Higgins (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB37) 1996 Eagly (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB22) 1993 Scheufele (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB63) 2000; 3 Iyengar (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB41) 1987 Jou (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB43) 1996; 24 Nelson (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB53) 1997; 91 Domke (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB15) 1998; 10 Jasperson (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB42) 1998; 15 Sniderman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB68) 2004 Bargh (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB2) 1986; 50 Druckman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB16) 2001; 22 Cappella (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB8) 1997 Nelson (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB54) 1997; 19 McCombs (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB49) 2004 Fazio (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB26) 1999 (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB9) 1999 Goffman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB32) 1974 Pan (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB55) 2001 Ford (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB28) 1995; 21 Scheufele (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB61) 2004; 29 Druckman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB19) 2004; 98 Fishbein (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB27) 1980; 27 Miller (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB51) 2000; 44 Bless (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB5) 2004 Brewer (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB7) 2005; 26 Messaris (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB76) 2001 Kimmelman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB122) 199929 Entman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB23) 1993; 43 Zaller (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB73) 1992 Druckman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB20) 2004; 25 Higgins (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB39) 1977; 13 Barker (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB4) 2005; 27 Brewer (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB6) 2001; 22 Petty (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB57) 2003 Iyengar (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB40) 1991 Price (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB58) 1997 Chen (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB10) 1999 Martin (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB48) 1992 Chong (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB13) 2003 Shah (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB64) 1996; 23 Strack (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB70) 1988; 18 D’Angelo (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB14) 2002; 52 Druckman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB18) 2001; 23 Petty (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB56) 1998 Higgins (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB38) 1981 Druckman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB74) 2003; 65 Bargh (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB3) 1988; 55 Chong (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB12) 2000 Wood (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB72) 2000; 50 Herszenhorn (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB36) 199930 Riker (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB60) 1995; 16 Lombardi (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB47) 1987; 13 Glaberson (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB31) 199930 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB25 Miller (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB50) 2005 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB67 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB24 Chong (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB11) 1996 Shah (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB65) 2002; 66 Kinder (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB46) 1990; 8 Stapel (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB69) 1998; 74 Wittman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB71) 1995 Ajzen (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB1) 1999 Druckman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB21) 2003; 47 Shen (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB66) 2005; 55 Scheufele (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB62) 1999; 49 Kellstedt (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB44) 2000; 44 Price (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB59) 1997; 24 Gamson (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB29) 1987 Herr (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB35) 1983; 19 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB33 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB75 Nabi (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB52) 2003; 30 Druckman (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB17) 2001; 63 Gamson (10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x-BIB30) 1989; 95 |
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| Snippet | Public opinion often depends on how elites choose to frame issues. For example, citizens’ opinions about a Ku Klux Klan rally may depend on whether elites... Public opinion often depends on how elites choose to frame issues. For example, citizens' opinions about a Ku Klux Klan rally may depend on whether elites... |
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| SubjectTerms | Communication Communication research Elites Language use Media Media coverage News media Politics Public opinion |
| Title | A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments |
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