Subliminal Instrumental Conditioning Demonstrated in the Human Brain

How the brain uses success and failure to optimize future decisions is a long-standing question in neuroscience. One computational solution involves updating the values of context-action associations in proportion to a reward prediction error. Previous evidence suggests that such computations are ex...

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Published in	Neuron (Cambridge, Mass.) Vol. 59; no. 4; pp. 561 - 567
Main Authors	Pessiglione, Mathias, Petrovic, Predrag, Daunizeau, Jean, Palminteri, Stefano, Dolan, Raymond J., Frith, Chris D.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	United States Elsevier Inc 28.08.2008 Elsevier Limited Cell Press
Subjects	Adult Association Learning - physiology Attention - physiology Awareness - physiology Behavior Brain Mapping Brain research Choice Behavior - physiology Conditioning, Operant - physiology Consciousness - physiology Decision making Decision Making - physiology Discrimination (Psychology) - physiology Experiments Female Humans Intuition - physiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Medical imaging Neostriatum - physiology Perceptual Masking - physiology Reference Values Scanners Scholarships & fellowships Subconscious Subliminal Stimulation SYSNEURO Visual Cortex - physiology SYSNEURO
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Abstract	How the brain uses success and failure to optimize future decisions is a long-standing question in neuroscience. One computational solution involves updating the values of context-action associations in proportion to a reward prediction error. Previous evidence suggests that such computations are expressed in the striatum and, as they are cognitively impenetrable, represent an unconscious learning mechanism. Here, we formally test this by studying instrumental conditioning in a situation where we masked contextual cues, such that they were not consciously perceived. Behavioral data showed that subjects nonetheless developed a significant propensity to choose cues associated with monetary rewards relative to punishments. Functional neuroimaging revealed that during conditioning cue values and prediction errors, generated from a computational model, both correlated with activity in ventral striatum. We conclude that, even without conscious processing of contextual cues, our brain can learn their reward value and use them to provide a bias on decision making.
AbstractList	How the brain uses success and failure to optimize future decisions is a long-standing question in neuroscience. One computational solution involves updating the values of context-action associations in proportion to a reward prediction error. Previous evidence suggests that such computations are expressed in the striatum and, as they are cognitively impenetrable, represent an unconscious learning mechanism. Here, we formally test this by studying instrumental conditioning in a situation where we masked contextual cues, such that they were not consciously perceived. Behavioral data showed that subjects nonetheless developed a significant propensity to choose cues associated with monetary rewards relative to punishments. Functional neuroimaging revealed that during conditioning cue values and prediction errors, generated from a computational model, both correlated with activity in ventral striatum. We conclude that, even without conscious processing of contextual cues, our brain can learn their reward value and use them to provide a bias on decision making. How the brain uses success and failure to optimize future decisions is a long-standing question in neuroscience. One computational solution involves updating the values of context-action associations in proportion to a reward prediction error. Previous evidence suggests that such computations are expressed in the striatum and, as they are cognitively impenetrable, represent an unconscious learning mechanism. Here, we formally test this by studying instrumental conditioning in a situation where we masked contextual cues, such that they were not consciously perceived. Behavioral data showed that subjects nonetheless developed a significant propensity to choose cues associated with monetary rewards relative to punishments. Functional neuroimaging revealed that during conditioning cue values and prediction errors, generated from a computational model, both correlated with activity in ventral striatum. We conclude that, even without conscious processing of contextual cues, our brain can learn their reward value and use them to provide a bias on decision making.How the brain uses success and failure to optimize future decisions is a long-standing question in neuroscience. One computational solution involves updating the values of context-action associations in proportion to a reward prediction error. Previous evidence suggests that such computations are expressed in the striatum and, as they are cognitively impenetrable, represent an unconscious learning mechanism. Here, we formally test this by studying instrumental conditioning in a situation where we masked contextual cues, such that they were not consciously perceived. Behavioral data showed that subjects nonetheless developed a significant propensity to choose cues associated with monetary rewards relative to punishments. Functional neuroimaging revealed that during conditioning cue values and prediction errors, generated from a computational model, both correlated with activity in ventral striatum. We conclude that, even without conscious processing of contextual cues, our brain can learn their reward value and use them to provide a bias on decision making.
Author	Frith, Chris D. Daunizeau, Jean Petrovic, Predrag Pessiglione, Mathias Palminteri, Stefano Dolan, Raymond J.
AuthorAffiliation	1 Wellcome Trust Centre for NeuroImaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 2 Laboratoire INSERM U610, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Institut Fédératif de Recherche en Neurosciences, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital 75013 Paris, France
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Snippet	How the brain uses success and failure to optimize future decisions is a long-standing question in neuroscience. One computational solution involves updating...
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SubjectTerms	Adult Association Learning - physiology Attention - physiology Awareness - physiology Behavior Brain Mapping Brain research Choice Behavior - physiology Conditioning, Operant - physiology Consciousness - physiology Decision making Decision Making - physiology Discrimination (Psychology) - physiology Experiments Female Humans Intuition - physiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Medical imaging Neostriatum - physiology Perceptual Masking - physiology Reference Values Scanners Scholarships & fellowships Subconscious Subliminal Stimulation SYSNEURO Visual Cortex - physiology
Title	Subliminal Instrumental Conditioning Demonstrated in the Human Brain
URI	https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.005 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18760693 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1503673421 https://www.proquest.com/docview/69489423 https://www.proquest.com/docview/856778363 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC2572733
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