Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology

The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress-suppressing ef...

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Published inMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 26; no. 9; p. 2571
Main Authors Masuo, Yoshinori, Satou, Tadaaki, Takemoto, Hiroaki, Koike, Kazuo
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 28.04.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Animal cognition
anxiety
Apoptosis
aroma
Biomarkers
brain
Brain research
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Candidates
DNA methylation
Endocrine system
Feedback
Hormones
Immunoglobulins
Melatonin
Mental depression
Mental disorders
Nervous system
Neuropeptides
olfaction
Proteins
Review
smell
Stress
Stress response
anxiety
mouse
stress
fatigue
rat
olfaction
brain
smell
human
aroma
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Abstract The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress-suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain. The transfer of volatile components into the brain is also discussed while using the results of thyme linalool as an example. These studies may provide a good opportunity to connect chemical research at the molecular level with neuropharmacological approaches in the future.
AbstractList The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress-suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain. The transfer of volatile components into the brain is also discussed while using the results of thyme linalool as an example. These studies may provide a good opportunity to connect chemical research at the molecular level with neuropharmacological approaches in the future.
The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress-suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain. The transfer of volatile components into the brain is also discussed while using the results of thyme linalool as an example. These studies may provide a good opportunity to connect chemical research at the molecular level with neuropharmacological approaches in the future.The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress-suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain. The transfer of volatile components into the brain is also discussed while using the results of thyme linalool as an example. These studies may provide a good opportunity to connect chemical research at the molecular level with neuropharmacological approaches in the future.
Author Takemoto, Hiroaki
Satou, Tadaaki
Koike, Kazuo
Masuo, Yoshinori
AuthorAffiliation 1 Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; hiroaki.takemoto@phar.toho-u.ac.jp (H.T.); koike@phar.toho-u.ac.jp (K.K.)
2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan; tsatou@iuhw.ac.jp
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; hiroaki.takemoto@phar.toho-u.ac.jp (H.T.); koike@phar.toho-u.ac.jp (K.K.)
– name: 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan; tsatou@iuhw.ac.jp
– name: 1 Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Yoshinori
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3832-7984
  surname: Masuo
  fullname: Masuo, Yoshinori
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Tadaaki
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0963-8487
  surname: Satou
  fullname: Satou, Tadaaki
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  surname: Takemoto
  fullname: Takemoto, Hiroaki
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Kazuo
  surname: Koike
  fullname: Koike, Kazuo
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33924992$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords anxiety
mouse
stress
fatigue
rat
olfaction
brain
smell
human
aroma
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Snippet The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the...
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SubjectTerms Animal cognition
anxiety
Apoptosis
aroma
Biomarkers
brain
Brain research
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Candidates
DNA methylation
Endocrine system
Feedback
Hormones
Immunoglobulins
Melatonin
Mental depression
Mental disorders
Nervous system
Neuropeptides
olfaction
Proteins
Review
smell
Stress
Stress response
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Title Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33924992
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Volume 26
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