Functional eukaryotic nuclear localization signals are widespread in terminal proteins of bacteriophages
A number of prokaryotic proteins have been shown to contain nuclear localization signals (NLSs), although its biological role remains sometimes unclear. Terminal proteins (TPs) of bacteriophages prime DNA replication and become covalently linked to the genome ends. We predicted NLSs within the TPs o...
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| Published in | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 109; no. 45; pp. 18482 - 18487 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
National Academy of Sciences
06.11.2012
National Acad Sciences |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | A number of prokaryotic proteins have been shown to contain nuclear localization signals (NLSs), although its biological role remains sometimes unclear. Terminal proteins (TPs) of bacteriophages prime DNA replication and become covalently linked to the genome ends. We predicted NLSs within the TPs of bacteriophages from diverse families and hosts and, indeed, the TPs of Φ29, Nf, PRD1, Bam35, and Cp-1, out of seven TPs tested, were found to localize to the nucleus when expressed in mammalian cells. Detailed analysis of Φ29 TP led us to identify a bona fide NLS within residues 1–37. Importantly, gene delivery into the eukaryotic nucleus is enhanced by the presence of Φ29 TP attached to the 5′ DNA ends. These findings show a common feature of TPs from diverse bacteriophages targeting the eukaryotic nucleus and suggest a possible common function by facilitating the horizontal transfer of genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. |
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| AbstractList | A number of prokaryotic proteins have been shown to contain nuclear localization signals (NLSs), although its biological role remains sometimes unclear. Terminal proteins (TPs) of bacteriophages prime DNA replication and become covalently linked to the genome ends. We predicted NLSs within the TPs of bacteriophages from diverse families and hosts and, indeed, the TPs of Φ29, Nf, PRD1, Bam35, and Cp-1, out of seven TPs tested, were found to localize to the nucleus when expressed in mammalian cells. Detailed analysis of Φ29 TP led us to identify a bona fide NLS within residues 1–37. Importantly, gene delivery into the eukaryotic nucleus is enhanced by the presence of Φ29 TP attached to the 5′ DNA ends. These findings show a common feature of TPs from diverse bacteriophages targeting the eukaryotic nucleus and suggest a possible common function by facilitating the horizontal transfer of genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A number of prokaryotic proteins have been shown to contain nuclear localization signals (NLSs), although its biological role remains sometimes unclear. Terminal proteins (TPs) of bacteriophages prime DNA replication and become covalently linked to the genome ends. We predicted NLSs within the TPs of bacteriophages from diverse families and hosts and, indeed, the TPs of Φ29, Nf, PRD1, Bam35, and Cp-1, out of seven TPs tested, were found to localize to the nucleus when expressed in mammalian cells. Detailed analysis of Φ29 TP led us to identify a bona fide NLS within residues 1-37. Importantly, gene delivery into the eukaryotic nucleus is enhanced by the presence of Φ29 TP attached to the 5' DNA ends. These findings show a common feature of TPs from diverse bacteriophages targeting the eukaryotic nucleus and suggest a possible common function by facilitating the horizontal transfer of genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.A number of prokaryotic proteins have been shown to contain nuclear localization signals (NLSs), although its biological role remains sometimes unclear. Terminal proteins (TPs) of bacteriophages prime DNA replication and become covalently linked to the genome ends. We predicted NLSs within the TPs of bacteriophages from diverse families and hosts and, indeed, the TPs of Φ29, Nf, PRD1, Bam35, and Cp-1, out of seven TPs tested, were found to localize to the nucleus when expressed in mammalian cells. Detailed analysis of Φ29 TP led us to identify a bona fide NLS within residues 1-37. Importantly, gene delivery into the eukaryotic nucleus is enhanced by the presence of Φ29 TP attached to the 5' DNA ends. These findings show a common feature of TPs from diverse bacteriophages targeting the eukaryotic nucleus and suggest a possible common function by facilitating the horizontal transfer of genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A number of prokaryotic proteins have been shown to contain nuclear localization signals (NLSs), although its biological role remains sometimes unclear. Terminal proteins (TPs) of bacteriophages prime DNA replication and become covalently linked to the genome ends. We predicted NLSs within the TPs of bacteriophages from diverse families and hosts and, indeed, the TPs of ...29, Nf, PRD1, Bam35, and Cp-1, out of seven TPs tested, were found to localize to the nucleus when expressed in mammalian cells. Detailed analysis of ...29 TP led us to identify a bona fide NLS within residues 1-37. Importantly, gene delivery into the eukaryotic nucleus is enhanced by the presence of ...29 TP attached to the 5' DNA ends. These findings show a common feature of TPs from diverse bacteriophages targeting the eukaryotic nucleus and suggest a possible common function by facilitating the horizontal transfer of genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.) |
| Author | Mencía, Mario Redrejo-Rodríguez, Modesto Holguera, Isabel Salas, Margarita Muñoz-Espín, Daniel |
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| Notes | http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216635109 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Author contributions: M.R.-R., D.M.-E., M.M., and M.S. designed research; M.R.-R., D.M.-E., I.H., and M.M. performed research; M.R.-R., D.M.-E., M.M., and M.S. analyzed data; and M.R.-R., D.M.-E., M.M., and M.S. wrote the paper. Contributed by Margarita Salas, September 25, 2012 (sent for review July 31, 2012) 2Present address: Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain. 1M.R.-R. and D.M.-E. contributed equally to this work. 3M.M. and M.S. contributed equally to this work. |
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| Snippet | A number of prokaryotic proteins have been shown to contain nuclear localization signals (NLSs), although its biological role remains sometimes unclear.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Amino Acid Sequence Animals Bacillus Phages - metabolism Bacteria Bacteriophages Bacteriophages - metabolism Biological Sciences Cell nucleus Cell Nucleus - metabolism Cell Nucleus - virology Cells Cercopithecus aethiops COS Cells Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA replication DNA, Viral - metabolism Eukaryota - metabolism Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells gene transfer Gene Transfer, Horizontal Genes Genomes Horizontal gene transfer hosts Life Sciences Mammals Models, Biological Molecular Sequence Data nuclear localization signals Nuclear Localization Signals - chemistry Nuclear Localization Signals - metabolism Plasmids prokaryotic cells Prokaryotic Cells - virology Protein Structure, Tertiary Proteins Viral Proteins - chemistry Viral Proteins - metabolism |
| Title | Functional eukaryotic nuclear localization signals are widespread in terminal proteins of bacteriophages |
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