Thermal Imaging and Physiological Analysis of Cold-Climate Caribou-Skin Clothing
Protective clothing is essential for human existence in the Arctic, and caribou-skin clothing has played a pivotal role for millennia. Although people with northern experience often extol caribou-skin clothing, few scientific studies have investigated its properties. We used infrared thermal imaging...
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Published in | Arctic Vol. 73; no. 1; pp. 40 - 52 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Calgary
Arctic Institute of North America
01.03.2020
Arctic Institute of North America of the University of Calgary |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 0004-0843 1923-1245 |
DOI | 10.14430/arctic69909 |
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Abstract | Protective clothing is essential for human existence in the Arctic, and caribou-skin clothing has played a pivotal role for millennia. Although people with northern experience often extol caribou-skin clothing, few scientific studies have investigated its properties. We used infrared thermal imaging in a pilot study to compare authentic caribou-skin clothing sewn by traditional Inuit seamstresses with two other types of cold-weather clothing: a standard-issue, Canadian army, winter uniform and an ensemble of modern retail clothing designed for extreme cold (a down anorak and snowmobile pants). To make the comparison, two subjects sequentially wore the three types of clothing—caribou skin, army uniform, and modern retail—in a still air, uniform thermal environment (where radiant temperatures of all environmental surfaces were equal to air temperature) at −21˚C to −23˚C (−6˚F to −10˚F). Thermal imaging quantifies the temperature of the outer surface of clothing, thereby providing key, functionally relevant information on the interface where clothing and environment meet. Under otherwise similar conditions, a low clothing surface temperature indicates superior clothing performance and a reduced rate of heat loss from the body to the environment. Caribou-skin clothing was similar to modern extreme-cold retail clothing: the whole-body composite surface temperature of our subjects wearing caribou-skin clothing was −22.1˚C to −22.7˚C, compared with −21.6˚C in both subjects wearing the modern retail clothing. The army winter uniform (−18.9˚C to −20.0˚C) was inferior. These quantitative results were mirrored by the subjects’ subjective impressions. A particular advantage of thermal imaging is that it pinpoints locations in clothing where heat leaks occur. Although the two types of modern clothing exhibited heat leaks at zippered structures (even though fully closed), the caribou-skin clothing evaded such heat leaks by lacking such structures, because it is donned over the head. The integral hood characteristic of a caribou-skin parka was also superior in comparison to the detachable hood of the army uniform.
Les vêtements de protection sont essentiels à l’existence humaine dans l’Arctique, et les vêtements en peau de caribou y jouent un rôle vital depuis des millénaires. Même si les gens qui ont évolué dans le Nord vantent souvent les mérites des vêtements en peau de caribou, peu d’études scientifiques ont été réalisées au sujet de leurs propriétés. Nous nous sommes servi d’imagerie thermique infrarouge dans le cadre d’une étude pilote visant à comparer les vêtements en peau de caribou authentique cousus par des couturières inuites traditionnelles à deux autres types de vêtements pour temps froid : un uniforme d’hiver standard de l’Armée canadienne et un ensemble de vêtements modernes du détail conçus pour des froids extrêmes (un anorak en duvet et des pantalons de motoneige). À des fins de comparaison, deux sujets ont porté, dans l’ordre séquentiel, les trois types de vêtements - vêtement en peau de caribou, uniforme de l’armée et vêtements modernes du détail - dans des conditions de vent nul thermique uniforme (où les températures radiatives de toutes les surfaces environnementales sont égales à la température de l’air) moyennant des températures allant de −21 ˚C à −23 ˚C (de −6 ˚F à −10 ˚F). L’imagerie thermique quantifie la température de la surface extérieure du vêtement, ce qui permet d’obtenir de l’information fonctionnellement pertinente et essentielle sur le point de rencontre du vêtement et de l’environnement. Dans des conditions par ailleurs semblables, la faible température du vêtement en surface indique un rendement supérieur pour ce vêtement et un taux réduit de perte de chaleur du corps à l’environnement. Les vêtements en peau de caribou ont donné des résultats semblables aux vêtements pour froid extrême modernes du détail : la température composite du corps entier de nos sujets portant les vêtements en peau de caribou variait de −22,1 ˚C à −22,7 ˚C, comparativement à −21,6 ˚C chez les deux sujets portant les vêtements modernes du détail. Les températures de l’uniforme d’hiver de l’armée étaient inférieures (de −18,9 ˚C à −20,0 ˚C).
Ces résultats quantitatifs cadraient avec les impressions subjectives des sujets. Un des avantages particuliers de l’imagerie thermique, c’est qu’elle permet de repérer là où les pertes de chaleur se produisent dans les vêtements. Bien que les deux types de vêtements modernes perdaient de la chaleur à l’endroit des fermetures éclair (même si elles étaient fermées complètement), les vêtements en peau de caribou n’affichaient pas de telles pertes de chaleur en raison de l’absence de structures de ce genre parce que ces vêtements s’enfilent par la tête. Par ailleurs, il y a lieu de noter que la caractéristique intégrale du capuchon du parka en peau de caribou était également supérieure à celle du capuchon amovible de l’uniforme militaire. |
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AbstractList | Protective clothing is essential for human existence in the Arctic, and caribou-skin clothing has played a pivotal role for millennia. Although people with northern experience often extol caribou-skin clothing, few scientific studies have investigated its properties. We used infrared thermal imaging in a pilot study to compare authentic caribou-skin clothing sewn by traditional Inuit seamstresses with two other types of cold-weather clothing: a standard-issue, Canadian army, winter uniform and an ensemble of modern retail clothing designed for extreme cold (a down anorak and snowmobile pants). To make the comparison, two subjects sequentially wore the three types of clothing--caribou skin, army uniform, and modern retail--in a still air, uniform thermal environment (where radiant temperatures of all environmental surfaces were equal to air temperature) at -21[degrees]C to -23[degrees]C (-6[degrees]F to -10[degrees]F). Thermal imaging quantifies the temperature of the outer surface of clothing, thereby providing key, functionally relevant information on the interface where clothing and environment meet. Under otherwise similar conditions, a low clothing surface temperature indicates superior clothing performance and a reduced rate of heat loss from the body to the environment. Caribou-skin clothing was similar to modern extreme-cold retail clothing: the whole-body composite surface temperature of our subjects wearing caribou-skin clothing was -22.1[degrees]C to -22.7[degrees]C, compared with -21.6[degrees]C in both subjects wearing the modern retail clothing. The army winter uniform (-18.9[degrees]C to -20.0[degrees]C) was inferior. These quantitative results were mirrored by the subjects' subjective impressions. A particular advantage of thermal imaging is that it pinpoints locations in clothing where heat leaks occur. Although the two types of modern clothing exhibited heat leaks at zippered structures (even though fully closed), the caribou-skin clothing evaded such heat leaks by lacking such structures, because it is donned over the head. The integral hood characteristic of a caribou-skin parka was also superior in comparison to the detachable hood of the army uniform. Key words: Arctic; circumpolar clothing; infrared thermography; Inuit; Rangifer tarandus; reindeer; skin clothing Les vetements de protection sont essentiels a l'existence humaine dans l'Arctique, et les vetements en peau de caribou y jouent un role vital depuis des millenaries. Meme si les gens qui ont evolue dans le Nord vantent souvent les merites des vetements en peau de caribou, peu d'etudes scientifiques ont ete realisees au sujet de leurs proprietes. Nous nous sommes servi d'imagerie thermique infrarouge dans le cadre d'une etude pilote visant a comparer les vetements en peau de caribou authentique cousus par des couturieres inuites traditionnelles a deux autres types de vetements pour temps froid : un uniforme d'hiver standard de l'Armee canadienne et un ensemble de vetements modernes du detail confus pour des froids extremes (un anorak en duvet et des pantalons de motoneige). A des fins de comparaison, deux sujets ont porte, dans l'ordre sequentiel, les trois types de vetements-vetement en peau de caribou, uniforme de l'armee et vetements modernes du detail--dans des conditions de vent nul thermique uniforme (ou les temperatures radiatives de toutes les surfaces environnementales sont egales a la temperature de l'air) moyennant des temperatures allant de -21 [degrees]C a -23 [degrees]C (de -6 [degrees]F a -10 [degrees]F). L'imagerie thermique quantifie la temperature de la surface exterieure du vetement, ce qui permet d'obtenir de l'information fonctionnellement pertinente et essentielle sur le point de rencontre du vetement et de l'environnement. Dans des conditions par ailleurs semblables, la faible temperature du vetement en surface indique un rendement superieur pour ce vetement et un taux reduit de perte de chaleur du corps a l'environnement. Les vetements en peau de caribou ont donne des resultats semblables aux vetements pour froid extreme modernes du detail : la temperature composite du corps entier de nos sujets portant les vetements en peau de caribou variait de -22,1 [degrees]C a -22,7 [degrees]C, comparativement a -21,6 [degrees]C chez les deux sujets portant les vetements modernes du detail. Les temperatures de l'uniforme d'hiver de l'armee etaient inferieures (de -18,9 [degrees]C a -20,0 [degrees]C). Ces resultats quantitatifs cadraient avec les impressions subjectives des sujets. Un des avantages particuliers de l'imagerie thermique, c'est qu'elle permet de reperer la ou les pertes de chaleur se produisent dans les vetements. Bien que les deux types de vetements modernes perdaient de la chaleur a l'endroit des fermetures eclair (meme si elles etaient fermees completement), les vetements en peau de caribou n'affichaient pas de telles pertes de chaleur en raison de l'absence de structures de ce genre parce que ces vetements s'enfilent par la tete. Par ailleurs, il y a lieu de noter que la caracteristique integrale du capuchon du parka en peau de caribou etait egalement superieure a celle du capuchon amovible de l'uniforme militaire. Mots cles: Arctique; vetement circumpolaire; thermographie infrarouge; Inuit; Rangifer tarandus; renne; vetement en peau Protective clothing is essential for human existence in the Arctic, and caribou-skin clothing has played a pivotal role for millennia. Although people with northern experience often extol caribou-skin clothing, few scientific studies have investigated its properties. We used infrared thermal imaging in a pilot study to compare authentic caribou-skin clothing sewn by traditional Inuit seamstresses with two other types of cold-weather clothing: a standard-issue, Canadian army, winter uniform and an ensemble of modern retail clothing designed for extreme cold (a down anorak and snowmobile pants). To make the comparison, two subjects sequentially wore the three types of clothing--caribou skin, army uniform, and modern retail--in a still air, uniform thermal environment (where radiant temperatures of all environmental surfaces were equal to air temperature) at -21[degrees]C to -23[degrees]C (-6[degrees]F to -10[degrees]F). Thermal imaging quantifies the temperature of the outer surface of clothing, thereby providing key, functionally relevant information on the interface where clothing and environment meet. Under otherwise similar conditions, a low clothing surface temperature indicates superior clothing performance and a reduced rate of heat loss from the body to the environment. Caribou-skin clothing was similar to modern extreme-cold retail clothing: the whole-body composite surface temperature of our subjects wearing caribou-skin clothing was -22.1[degrees]C to -22.7[degrees]C, compared with -21.6[degrees]C in both subjects wearing the modern retail clothing. The army winter uniform (-18.9[degrees]C to -20.0[degrees]C) was inferior. These quantitative results were mirrored by the subjects' subjective impressions. A particular advantage of thermal imaging is that it pinpoints locations in clothing where heat leaks occur. Although the two types of modern clothing exhibited heat leaks at zippered structures (even though fully closed), the caribou-skin clothing evaded such heat leaks by lacking such structures, because it is donned over the head. The integral hood characteristic of a caribou-skin parka was also superior in comparison to the detachable hood of the army uniform. Protective clothing is essential for human existence in the Arctic, and caribou-skin clothing has played a pivotal role for millennia. Although people with northern experience often extol caribou-skin clothing, few scientific studies have investigated its properties. We used infrared thermal imaging in a pilot study to compare authentic caribou-skin clothing sewn by traditional Inuit seamstresses with two other types of cold-weather clothing: a standard-issue, Canadian army, winter uniform and an ensemble of modern retail clothing designed for extreme cold (a down anorak and snowmobile pants). To make the comparison, two subjects sequentially wore the three types of clothing—caribou skin, army uniform, and modern retail—in a still air, uniform thermal environment (where radiant temperatures of all environmental surfaces were equal to air temperature) at −21˚C to −23˚C (−6˚F to −10˚F). Thermal imaging quantifies the temperature of the outer surface of clothing, thereby providing key, functionally relevant information on the interface where clothing and environment meet. Under otherwise similar conditions, a low clothing surface temperature indicates superior clothing performance and a reduced rate of heat loss from the body to the environment. Caribou-skin clothing was similar to modern extreme-cold retail clothing: the whole-body composite surface temperature of our subjects wearing caribou-skin clothing was −22.1˚C to −22.7˚C, compared with −21.6˚C in both subjects wearing the modern retail clothing. The army winter uniform (−18.9˚C to −20.0˚C) was inferior. These quantitative results were mirrored by the subjects’ subjective impressions. A particular advantage of thermal imaging is that it pinpoints locations in clothing where heat leaks occur. Although the two types of modern clothing exhibited heat leaks at zippered structures (even though fully closed), the caribou-skin clothing evaded such heat leaks by lacking such structures, because it is donned over the head. The integral hood characteristic of a caribou-skin parka was also superior in comparison to the detachable hood of the army uniform. Les vêtements de protection sont essentiels à l’existence humaine dans l’Arctique, et les vêtements en peau de caribou y jouent un rôle vital depuis des millénaires. Même si les gens qui ont évolué dans le Nord vantent souvent les mérites des vêtements en peau de caribou, peu d’études scientifiques ont été réalisées au sujet de leurs propriétés. Nous nous sommes servi d’imagerie thermique infrarouge dans le cadre d’une étude pilote visant à comparer les vêtements en peau de caribou authentique cousus par des couturières inuites traditionnelles à deux autres types de vêtements pour temps froid : un uniforme d’hiver standard de l’Armée canadienne et un ensemble de vêtements modernes du détail conçus pour des froids extrêmes (un anorak en duvet et des pantalons de motoneige). À des fins de comparaison, deux sujets ont porté, dans l’ordre séquentiel, les trois types de vêtements - vêtement en peau de caribou, uniforme de l’armée et vêtements modernes du détail - dans des conditions de vent nul thermique uniforme (où les températures radiatives de toutes les surfaces environnementales sont égales à la température de l’air) moyennant des températures allant de −21 ˚C à −23 ˚C (de −6 ˚F à −10 ˚F). L’imagerie thermique quantifie la température de la surface extérieure du vêtement, ce qui permet d’obtenir de l’information fonctionnellement pertinente et essentielle sur le point de rencontre du vêtement et de l’environnement. Dans des conditions par ailleurs semblables, la faible température du vêtement en surface indique un rendement supérieur pour ce vêtement et un taux réduit de perte de chaleur du corps à l’environnement. Les vêtements en peau de caribou ont donné des résultats semblables aux vêtements pour froid extrême modernes du détail : la température composite du corps entier de nos sujets portant les vêtements en peau de caribou variait de −22,1 ˚C à −22,7 ˚C, comparativement à −21,6 ˚C chez les deux sujets portant les vêtements modernes du détail. Les températures de l’uniforme d’hiver de l’armée étaient inférieures (de −18,9 ˚C à −20,0 ˚C). Ces résultats quantitatifs cadraient avec les impressions subjectives des sujets. Un des avantages particuliers de l’imagerie thermique, c’est qu’elle permet de repérer là où les pertes de chaleur se produisent dans les vêtements. Bien que les deux types de vêtements modernes perdaient de la chaleur à l’endroit des fermetures éclair (même si elles étaient fermées complètement), les vêtements en peau de caribou n’affichaient pas de telles pertes de chaleur en raison de l’absence de structures de ce genre parce que ces vêtements s’enfilent par la tête. Par ailleurs, il y a lieu de noter que la caractéristique intégrale du capuchon du parka en peau de caribou était également supérieure à celle du capuchon amovible de l’uniforme militaire. Protective clothing is essential for human existence in the Arctic, and caribou-skin clothing has played a pivotal role for millennia. Although people with northern experience often extol caribou-skin clothing, few scientific studies have investigated its properties. We used infrared thermal imaging in a pilot study to compare authentic caribou-skin clothing sewn by traditional Inuit seamstresses with two other types of cold-weather clothing: a standard-issue, Canadian army, winter uniform and an ensemble of modern retail clothing designed for extreme cold (a down anorak and snowmobile pants). To make the comparison, two subjects sequentially wore the three types of clothing—caribou skin, army uniform, and modern retail—in a still air, uniform thermal environment (where radiant temperatures of all environmental surfaces were equal to air temperature) at −21°C to −23°C (−6°F to −10°F). Thermal imaging quantifies the temperature of the outer surface of clothing, thereby providing key, functionally relevant information on the interface where clothing and environment meet. Under otherwise similar conditions, a low clothing surface temperature indicates superior clothing performance and a reduced rate of heat loss from the body to the environment. Caribou-skin clothing was similar to modern extreme-cold retail clothing: the whole-body composite surface temperature of our subjects wearing caribou-skin clothing was −22.1°C to −22.7°C, compared with −21.6°C in both subjects wearing the modern retail clothing. The army winter uniform (−18.9°C to −20.0°C) was inferior. These quantitative results were mirrored by the subjects’ subjective impressions. A particular advantage of thermal imaging is that it pinpoints locations in clothing where heat leaks occur. Although the two types of modern clothing exhibited heat leaks at zippered structures (even though fully closed), the caribou-skin clothing evaded such heat leaks by lacking such structures, because it is donned over the head. The integral hood characteristic of a caribou-skin parka was also superior in comparison to the detachable hood of the army uniform. Protective clothing is essential for human existence in the Arctic, and caribou-skin clothing has played a pivotal role for millennia. Although people with northern experience often extol caribou-skin clothing, few scientific studies have investigated its properties. We used infrared thermal imaging in a pilot study to compare authentic caribou-skin clothing sewn by traditional Inuit seamstresses with two other types of cold-weather clothing: a standard-issue, Canadian army, winter uniform and an ensemble of modern retail clothing designed for extreme cold (a down anorak and snowmobile pants). To make the comparison, two subjects sequentially wore the three types of clothing-caribou skin, army uniform, and modern retail-in a still air, uniform thermal environment (where radiant temperatures of all environmental surfaces were equal to air temperature) at -21°C to -23°C (-6°F to -10°F). Thermal imaging quantifies the temperature of the outer surface of clothing, thereby providing key, functionally relevant information on the interface where clothing and environment meet. Under otherwise similar conditions, a low clothing surface temperature indicates superior clothing performance and a reduced rate of heat loss from the body to the environment. Caribou-skin clothing was similar to modern extreme-cold retail clothing: the whole-body composite surface temperature of our subjects wearing caribou-skin clothing was -22.ΓС to -22.7°C, compared with -21.6°C in both subjects wearing the modern retail clothing. The army winter uniform (-18.9°C to -20.0°C) was inferior. These quantitative results were mirrored by the subjects' subjective impressions. A particular advantage of thermal imaging is that it pinpoints locations in clothing where heat leaks occur. Although the two types of modern clothing exhibited heat leaks at zippered structures (even though fully closed), the caribou-skin clothing evaded such heat leaks by lacking such structures, because it is donned over the head. The integral hood characteristic of a caribou-skin parka was also superior in comparison to the detachable hood of the army uniform. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Breit, Ana M. Riewe, Rick R. Campbell, Kevin L. Reinfort, Breanne Humphries, Murray M. Tattersall, Glenn J. Hill, Richard W. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Richard W. surname: Hill fullname: Hill, Richard W. – sequence: 2 givenname: Glenn J. surname: Tattersall fullname: Tattersall, Glenn J. – sequence: 3 givenname: Kevin L. surname: Campbell fullname: Campbell, Kevin L. – sequence: 4 givenname: Breanne surname: Reinfort fullname: Reinfort, Breanne – sequence: 5 givenname: Ana M. surname: Breit fullname: Breit, Ana M. – sequence: 6 givenname: Rick R. surname: Riewe fullname: Riewe, Rick R. – sequence: 7 givenname: Murray M. surname: Humphries fullname: Humphries, Murray M. |
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Snippet | Protective clothing is essential for human existence in the Arctic, and caribou-skin clothing has played a pivotal role for millennia. Although people with... Protective clothing is essential for human existence in the Arctic, and caribou-skin clothing has played a pivotal role for millennia. Although people with... |
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SubjectTerms | Air temperature Animal skins Army Body temperature Caribou Climatic analysis Cold Cold climates Cold weather Comparative studies Environmental aspects Extreme cold Extreme low temperatures Fins Fur garments Heat Heat loss Imaging techniques Infrared imaging Inuit Leaks Physiological aspects Protective clothing Reindeer Skin Structures Surface temperature Thermal environments Thermal imaging Thermal properties Weather Winter |
Title | Thermal Imaging and Physiological Analysis of Cold-Climate Caribou-Skin Clothing |
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