Exogenous glutamate rapidly induces the expression of genes involved in metabolism and defense responses in rice roots
Glutamate is an active amino acid. In addition to protein synthesis and metabolism, increasing evidence indicates that glutamate may also function as a signaling molecule in plants. Still, little is known about the nutritional role of glutamate and genes that are directly regulated by glutamate in r...
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Published in | BMC genomics Vol. 18; no. 1; p. 186 |
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Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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17.02.2017
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Abstract | Glutamate is an active amino acid. In addition to protein synthesis and metabolism, increasing evidence indicates that glutamate may also function as a signaling molecule in plants. Still, little is known about the nutritional role of glutamate and genes that are directly regulated by glutamate in rice.
Exogenous glutamate could serve as a nitrogen nutrient to support the growth of rice seedlings, but it was not as effective as ammonium nitrate or glutamine. In nitrogen-starved rice seedlings, glutamate was the most abundant free amino acid and feeding of glutamate rapidly and significantly increased the endogenous levels of glutamine, but not glutamate. These results indicated that glutamate was quickly metabolized and converted to the other nitrogen-containing compounds in rice. Transcriptome analysis revealed that at least 122 genes involved in metabolism, transport, signal transduction, and stress responses in the roots were rapidly induced by 2.5 mM glutamate within 30 min. Many of these genes were also up-regulated by glutamine and ammonium nitrate. Still, we were able to identify some transcription factor, kinase/phosphatase, and elicitor-responsive genes that were specifically or preferentially induced by glutamate.
Glutamate is a functional amino acid that plays important roles in plant nutrition, metabolism, and signal transduction. The rapid and specific induction of transcription factor, kinase/phosphatase and elicitor-responsive genes suggests that glutamate may efficiently amplify its signal and interact with other signaling pathways to regulate metabolism, growth and defense responses in rice. |
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AbstractList | Background Glutamate is an active amino acid. In addition to protein synthesis and metabolism, increasing evidence indicates that glutamate may also function as a signaling molecule in plants. Still, little is known about the nutritional role of glutamate and genes that are directly regulated by glutamate in rice. Results Exogenous glutamate could serve as a nitrogen nutrient to support the growth of rice seedlings, but it was not as effective as ammonium nitrate or glutamine. In nitrogen-starved rice seedlings, glutamate was the most abundant free amino acid and feeding of glutamate rapidly and significantly increased the endogenous levels of glutamine, but not glutamate. These results indicated that glutamate was quickly metabolized and converted to the other nitrogen-containing compounds in rice. Transcriptome analysis revealed that at least 122 genes involved in metabolism, transport, signal transduction, and stress responses in the roots were rapidly induced by 2.5 mM glutamate within 30 min. Many of these genes were also up-regulated by glutamine and ammonium nitrate. Still, we were able to identify some transcription factor, kinase/phosphatase, and elicitor-responsive genes that were specifically or preferentially induced by glutamate. Conclusions Glutamate is a functional amino acid that plays important roles in plant nutrition, metabolism, and signal transduction. The rapid and specific induction of transcription factor, kinase/phosphatase and elicitor-responsive genes suggests that glutamate may efficiently amplify its signal and interact with other signaling pathways to regulate metabolism, growth and defense responses in rice. BACKGROUNDGlutamate is an active amino acid. In addition to protein synthesis and metabolism, increasing evidence indicates that glutamate may also function as a signaling molecule in plants. Still, little is known about the nutritional role of glutamate and genes that are directly regulated by glutamate in rice.RESULTSExogenous glutamate could serve as a nitrogen nutrient to support the growth of rice seedlings, but it was not as effective as ammonium nitrate or glutamine. In nitrogen-starved rice seedlings, glutamate was the most abundant free amino acid and feeding of glutamate rapidly and significantly increased the endogenous levels of glutamine, but not glutamate. These results indicated that glutamate was quickly metabolized and converted to the other nitrogen-containing compounds in rice. Transcriptome analysis revealed that at least 122 genes involved in metabolism, transport, signal transduction, and stress responses in the roots were rapidly induced by 2.5 mM glutamate within 30 min. Many of these genes were also up-regulated by glutamine and ammonium nitrate. Still, we were able to identify some transcription factor, kinase/phosphatase, and elicitor-responsive genes that were specifically or preferentially induced by glutamate.CONCLUSIONSGlutamate is a functional amino acid that plays important roles in plant nutrition, metabolism, and signal transduction. The rapid and specific induction of transcription factor, kinase/phosphatase and elicitor-responsive genes suggests that glutamate may efficiently amplify its signal and interact with other signaling pathways to regulate metabolism, growth and defense responses in rice. Glutamate is an active amino acid. In addition to protein synthesis and metabolism, increasing evidence indicates that glutamate may also function as a signaling molecule in plants. Still, little is known about the nutritional role of glutamate and genes that are directly regulated by glutamate in rice. Exogenous glutamate could serve as a nitrogen nutrient to support the growth of rice seedlings, but it was not as effective as ammonium nitrate or glutamine. In nitrogen-starved rice seedlings, glutamate was the most abundant free amino acid and feeding of glutamate rapidly and significantly increased the endogenous levels of glutamine, but not glutamate. These results indicated that glutamate was quickly metabolized and converted to the other nitrogen-containing compounds in rice. Transcriptome analysis revealed that at least 122 genes involved in metabolism, transport, signal transduction, and stress responses in the roots were rapidly induced by 2.5 mM glutamate within 30 min. Many of these genes were also up-regulated by glutamine and ammonium nitrate. Still, we were able to identify some transcription factor, kinase/phosphatase, and elicitor-responsive genes that were specifically or preferentially induced by glutamate. Glutamate is a functional amino acid that plays important roles in plant nutrition, metabolism, and signal transduction. The rapid and specific induction of transcription factor, kinase/phosphatase and elicitor-responsive genes suggests that glutamate may efficiently amplify its signal and interact with other signaling pathways to regulate metabolism, growth and defense responses in rice. |
ArticleNumber | 186 |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Kan, Chia-Cheng Juo, Yan-An Hsieh, Ming-Hsiun Wu, Hsin-Yu Chung, Tsui-Yun |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Chia-Cheng surname: Kan fullname: Kan, Chia-Cheng organization: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan – sequence: 2 givenname: Tsui-Yun surname: Chung fullname: Chung, Tsui-Yun organization: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan – sequence: 3 givenname: Hsin-Yu surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Hsin-Yu organization: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan – sequence: 4 givenname: Yan-An surname: Juo fullname: Juo, Yan-An organization: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan – sequence: 5 givenname: Ming-Hsiun orcidid: 0000-0003-2703-9979 surname: Hsieh fullname: Hsieh, Ming-Hsiun email: ming@gate.sinica.edu.tw organization: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. ming@gate.sinica.edu.tw |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28212609$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Keywords | Signal transduction Gene expression Glutamate Metabolism Transcription factor Defense response Rice |
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Snippet | Glutamate is an active amino acid. In addition to protein synthesis and metabolism, increasing evidence indicates that glutamate may also function as a... Background Glutamate is an active amino acid. In addition to protein synthesis and metabolism, increasing evidence indicates that glutamate may also function... BACKGROUNDGlutamate is an active amino acid. In addition to protein synthesis and metabolism, increasing evidence indicates that glutamate may also function as... |
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SubjectTerms | Abiotic stress Amino acids Ammonium Ammonium nitrate Aquatic plants Carbon Cellular stress response Chlorophyll Dehydrogenases Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Gene expression Gene Expression Regulation, Plant - drug effects Genes Genetic aspects Genomics Glutamate Glutamic Acid - metabolism Glutamic Acid - pharmacology Glutamine Kinases Metabolism Metabolites Nervous system Nitrogen Nitrogen - pharmacology Nutrition Oryza - drug effects Oryza - genetics Oryza - metabolism Oryza - physiology Plant nutrition Plant Roots - drug effects Plant Roots - genetics Plant Roots - metabolism Plant Roots - physiology Protein biosynthesis Protein synthesis Protein turnover Rice Roots Roots (Botany) Seedlings Seedlings - drug effects Seedlings - growth & development Signal transduction Signaling Transcription factors Transcription Factors - metabolism Vitamin B |
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Title | Exogenous glutamate rapidly induces the expression of genes involved in metabolism and defense responses in rice roots |
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