Effect of Torula Yeast (Candida utilis)-Derived Glucosylceramide on Skin Dryness and Other Skin Conditions in Winter
Glucosylceramide (GlcCer) is present in foods such as barley, corn, and wheat flour. GlcCer derived from different foods has differences in its physiological effects, depending on the sphingoid backbone and constituent fatty acids. In this study, we investigated the moisturizing and skin conditionin...
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| Published in | Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology Vol. 64; no. 4; pp. 265 - 270 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Japan
Center for Academic Publications Japan
01.01.2018
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0301-4800 1881-7742 |
| DOI | 10.3177/jnsv.64.265 |
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| Abstract | Glucosylceramide (GlcCer) is present in foods such as barley, corn, and wheat flour. GlcCer derived from different foods has differences in its physiological effects, depending on the sphingoid backbone and constituent fatty acids. In this study, we investigated the moisturizing and skin conditioning effects of GlcCer derived from torula yeast (Candida utilis) in healthy human subjects. The participants were randomly distributed in a crossover, double-blind comparative manner. Seventeen volunteers were orally administered both 1.8 mg/d of GlcCer derived from torula yeast and a placebo for 4 wk. Before and after oral administration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured and the objective skin condition observation and a questionnaire on skin condition were conducted. The primary endpoint was TEWL; secondary endpoints included the objective and subjective skin conditions. The change in TEWL over the study period on the forearm was −0.97±0.48 and −1.26±0.46 g/m2•h in the placebo and GlcCer groups, respectively, with significantly lower (p=0.01) TEWL observed in the GlcCer group. Brown spots increased in the placebo group but significantly decreased in the GlcCer group (p=0.04). Although chapped skin worsened in the placebo group, it significantly improved in the GlcCer group (p=0.04). The use of torula yeast-derived GlcCer as a functional cosmeceutical food is a viable option to ameliorate skin conditions, including improvement in skin barrier function, reduction of brown spots, and fixation of chapped skin. |
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| AbstractList | Glucosylceramide (GlcCer) is present in foods such as barley, corn, and wheat flour. GlcCer derived from different foods has differences in its physiological effects, depending on the sphingoid backbone and constituent fatty acids. In this study, we investigated the moisturizing and skin conditioning effects of GlcCer derived from torula yeast (Candida utilis) in healthy human subjects. The participants were randomly distributed in a crossover, double-blind comparative manner. Seventeen volunteers were orally administered both 1.8 mg/d of GlcCer derived from torula yeast and a placebo for 4 wk. Before and after oral administration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured and the objective skin condition observation and a questionnaire on skin condition were conducted. The primary endpoint was TEWL; secondary endpoints included the objective and subjective skin conditions. The change in TEWL over the study period on the forearm was −0.97±0.48 and −1.26±0.46 g/m2•h in the placebo and GlcCer groups, respectively, with significantly lower (p=0.01) TEWL observed in the GlcCer group. Brown spots increased in the placebo group but significantly decreased in the GlcCer group (p=0.04). Although chapped skin worsened in the placebo group, it significantly improved in the GlcCer group (p=0.04). The use of torula yeast-derived GlcCer as a functional cosmeceutical food is a viable option to ameliorate skin conditions, including improvement in skin barrier function, reduction of brown spots, and fixation of chapped skin. Glucosylceramide (GlcCer) is present in foods such as barley, corn, and wheat flour. GlcCer derived from different foods has differences in its physiological effects, depending on the sphingoid backbone and constituent fatty acids. In this study, we investigated the moisturizing and skin conditioning effects of GlcCer derived from torula yeast (Candida utilis) in healthy human subjects. The participants were randomly distributed in a crossover, double-blind comparative manner. Seventeen volunteers were orally administered both 1.8 mg/d of GlcCer derived from torula yeast and a placebo for 4 wk. Before and after oral administration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured and the objective skin condition observation and a questionnaire on skin condition were conducted. The primary endpoint was TEWL; secondary endpoints included the objective and subjective skin conditions. The change in TEWL over the study period on the forearm was -0.97±0.48 and -1.26±0.46 g/m •h in the placebo and GlcCer groups, respectively, with significantly lower (p=0.01) TEWL observed in the GlcCer group. Brown spots increased in the placebo group but significantly decreased in the GlcCer group (p=0.04). Although chapped skin worsened in the placebo group, it significantly improved in the GlcCer group (p=0.04). The use of torula yeast-derived GlcCer as a functional cosmeceutical food is a viable option to ameliorate skin conditions, including improvement in skin barrier function, reduction of brown spots, and fixation of chapped skin. |
| Author | FUKUNAGA, Shoko WADA, Sayori SATO, Toshiya HIGASHI, Akane AOI, Wataru HAMAGUCHI, Masahide |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.sder.2011.05.006 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01183.x 10.1007/s00403-001-0272-0 10.1007/s11010-012-1530-5 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00537.x 10.3793/jaam.7.129 10.1007/s11745-999-0476-3 10.1371/journal.pone.0153853 10.1038/sj.jid.5700683 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12474562 10.1002/lsm.20515 10.1080/03670244.1976.9990460 10.3793/jaam.7.50 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.12.019 10.1089/jmf.2011.2137 10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00054.x 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01553.x 10.1007/s00216-005-0044-3 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470233 10.1007/s00253-005-0187-3 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.04.001 10.1248/jhs.54.559 10.1159/000056341 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276831 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01320.x 10.5650/jos.56.645 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)34214-0 |
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| References | 5) Bouwstra JA, Gooris GS, Dubbelaar FE, Weerheim AM, Ijzerman AP, Ponec M. 1998. Role of ceramide 1 in the molecular organization of the stratum corneum lipids. J Lipid Res 39: 186-196. 3) Hartmann D, Lucks J, Fuchs S, Schiffmann S, Schreiber Y, Ferreirós N, Merkens J, Marschalek R, Geisslinger G, Grösch S. 2012. Long chain ceramides and very long chain ceramides have opposite effects on human breast and colon cancer cell growth. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 44: 620-628. 24) Yu CS, Yeung CK, Shek SY, Tse RK, Kono T, Chan HH. 2007. Combined infrared light and bipolar radiofrequency for skin tightening in Asians. Lasers Surg Med 39: 471-475. 17) Institute of Medicine and Codex Committee on Food Chemicals. 2003. Monograph, Yeast, dried. In: Food Chemicals Codex V, p 508. National Academy Press, Washington DC. 28) Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M, Hearing VJ. 2007. Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase. J Invest Dermatol 127: 751-761. 27) Hori M, Kishimoto S, Tezuka Y, Nishigori H, Nomoto K, Hamada U, Yonei Y. 2010. Double-blind study on effects of glucosyl ceramide in beet extract on skin elasticity and fibronectin production in human dermal fibroblasts. Anti-Aging Medicine 7: 129-142. 12) Uchiyama T, Nakano Y, Ueda O, Mori H, Nakashima M, Noda A, Ishizaki C, Mizoguchi M. 2008. Oral intake of glucosylceramide improves relatively higher level of transepidermal water loss in mice and healthy human subjects. J Health Sci 54: 559-566. 15) Sugawara T, Miyazawa T. 1999. Separation and determination of glycolipids from edible plant sources by high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light-scattering detection. Lipids 34: 1231-1237. 20) Sato T, Nakagawa T, Kaji N. 2012. Method for utilizing extraction residue of yeast extract. U.S. Patent Application 14/112,142. 16) Weatherholtz WM, Holsing GC. 1976. Acceptance of torula yeast for use as a food supplement. Ecol Food Nutr 5: 153-159. 8) Imokawa G, Abe A, Jin K, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Hidano A. 1991. Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin? J Invest Dermatol 96: 523-526. 14) Jeong HS, Choi HR, Yun HY, Baek KJ, Kwon NS, Park KC, Kim DS. 2013. Ceramide PC102 inhibits melanin synthesis via proteasomal degradation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase. Mol Cell Biochem 375: 81-87. 6) Mizutani Y, Mitsutake S, Tsuji K, Kihara A, Igarashi Y. 2009. Ceramide biosynthesis in keratinocyte and its role in skin function. Biochimie 91: 784-790. 22) Rogiers V. 2001. EEMCO guidance for the assessment of transepidermal water loss in cosmetic sciences. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 14: 117-128. 2) Kinoshita M, Hori N, Aida K, Sugawara T, Ohnishi M. 2007. Prevention of melanin formation by yeast cerebroside in B16 mouse melanoma cells. J Oleo Sci 56: 645-648. 7) Imokawa G, Kuno H, Kawai M. 1991. Stratum corneum lipids serve as a bound-water modulator. J Invest Dermatol 96: 845-851. 31) Rona C, Vailati F, Berardesca E. 2004. The cosmetic treatment of wrinkles. J Cosmet Dermatol 3: 26-34. 11) Shimoda H, Terazawa S, Hitoe S, Tanaka J, Nakamura S, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M. 2012. Changes in ceramides and glucosylceramides in mouse skin and human epidermal equivalents by rice-derived glucosylceramide. J Med Food 15: 1064-1072. 26) Mor V, Farnoud AM, Singh A, Rella A, Tanno H, Ishii K, Kawakami K, Sato T, Del Poeta M. 2016. Glucosylceramide administration as a vaccination strategy in mouse models of Cryptococcosis. PLoS One 11: e0153853. 30) Kawada A, Konishi N, Oiso N, Kawara S, Date A. 2008. Evaluation of anti-wrinkle effects of a novel cosmetic containing niacinamide. J Dermatol 35: 637-642. 10) Brandt FS, Cazzaniga A, Hann M. 2011. Cosmeceuticals: current trends and market analysis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 30: 141-143. 13) Oda T, Tachimoto H, Kishi M, Kaga T, Ichihashi M. 2010. Effect of oral intake of ceramide-containing acetic acid bacteria on skin barrier function. Anti-Aging Medicine 7: 50-54. 4) Freinkel RK, Traczyk TN. 1985. Lipid composition and acid hydrolase content of lamellar granules of fetal rat epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 85: 295-298. 9) Jungersted JM, Hellgren LI, Jemec GB, Agner T. 2008. Lipids and skin barrier function—a clinical perspective. Contact Dermatitis 58: 255-262. 18) Food and Drug Administration Office of the Federal Register (US). 2012. Part 172—Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, 172.896 Dried yeasts. In: The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America, p 121. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC. 1) Farwanah H, Wohlrab J, Neubert RH, Raith K. 2005. Profiling of human stratum corneum ceramides by means of normal phase LC/APCI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 383: 632-637. 25) Janjua R, Munoz C, Gorell E, Rehmus W, Egbert B, Kern D, Chang AL. 2009. A two-year, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of oral green tea polyphenols on the long-term clinical and histologic appearance of photoaging skin. Dermatol Surg 35: 1057-1065. 19) Saito K, Takakuwa N, Ohnishi M, Oda Y. 2006. Presence of glucosylceramide in yeast and its relation to alkali tolerance of yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 71: 515-521. 21) Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Agner T, Serup J. 1990. Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 22: 164-178. 23) Yonei Y, Ashigai H, Ogura M, Yagi M, Kawachi Y, Yanai T. 2012. Effect of consumption of a cassis polysaccharide-containing drink on skin function: a double blind randomized controlled trial of 9-week treatment. Anti-Aging Medicine 9: 34-42. 29) Both DM, Goodtzova K, Yarosh DB, Brown DA. 2002. Liposome-encapsulated ursolic acid increases ceramides and collagen in human skin cells. Arch Dermatol Res 293: 569-575. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 |
| References_xml | – reference: 28) Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M, Hearing VJ. 2007. Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase. J Invest Dermatol 127: 751-761. – reference: 1) Farwanah H, Wohlrab J, Neubert RH, Raith K. 2005. Profiling of human stratum corneum ceramides by means of normal phase LC/APCI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 383: 632-637. – reference: 11) Shimoda H, Terazawa S, Hitoe S, Tanaka J, Nakamura S, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M. 2012. Changes in ceramides and glucosylceramides in mouse skin and human epidermal equivalents by rice-derived glucosylceramide. J Med Food 15: 1064-1072. – reference: 9) Jungersted JM, Hellgren LI, Jemec GB, Agner T. 2008. Lipids and skin barrier function—a clinical perspective. Contact Dermatitis 58: 255-262. – reference: 24) Yu CS, Yeung CK, Shek SY, Tse RK, Kono T, Chan HH. 2007. Combined infrared light and bipolar radiofrequency for skin tightening in Asians. Lasers Surg Med 39: 471-475. – reference: 12) Uchiyama T, Nakano Y, Ueda O, Mori H, Nakashima M, Noda A, Ishizaki C, Mizoguchi M. 2008. Oral intake of glucosylceramide improves relatively higher level of transepidermal water loss in mice and healthy human subjects. J Health Sci 54: 559-566. – reference: 8) Imokawa G, Abe A, Jin K, Higaki Y, Kawashima M, Hidano A. 1991. Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiologic factor in atopic dry skin? J Invest Dermatol 96: 523-526. – reference: 5) Bouwstra JA, Gooris GS, Dubbelaar FE, Weerheim AM, Ijzerman AP, Ponec M. 1998. Role of ceramide 1 in the molecular organization of the stratum corneum lipids. J Lipid Res 39: 186-196. – reference: 22) Rogiers V. 2001. EEMCO guidance for the assessment of transepidermal water loss in cosmetic sciences. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 14: 117-128. – reference: 4) Freinkel RK, Traczyk TN. 1985. Lipid composition and acid hydrolase content of lamellar granules of fetal rat epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 85: 295-298. – reference: 14) Jeong HS, Choi HR, Yun HY, Baek KJ, Kwon NS, Park KC, Kim DS. 2013. Ceramide PC102 inhibits melanin synthesis via proteasomal degradation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase. Mol Cell Biochem 375: 81-87. – reference: 7) Imokawa G, Kuno H, Kawai M. 1991. Stratum corneum lipids serve as a bound-water modulator. J Invest Dermatol 96: 845-851. – reference: 21) Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Agner T, Serup J. 1990. Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 22: 164-178. – reference: 19) Saito K, Takakuwa N, Ohnishi M, Oda Y. 2006. Presence of glucosylceramide in yeast and its relation to alkali tolerance of yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 71: 515-521. – reference: 17) Institute of Medicine and Codex Committee on Food Chemicals. 2003. Monograph, Yeast, dried. In: Food Chemicals Codex V, p 508. National Academy Press, Washington DC. – reference: 6) Mizutani Y, Mitsutake S, Tsuji K, Kihara A, Igarashi Y. 2009. Ceramide biosynthesis in keratinocyte and its role in skin function. Biochimie 91: 784-790. – reference: 10) Brandt FS, Cazzaniga A, Hann M. 2011. Cosmeceuticals: current trends and market analysis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 30: 141-143. – reference: 29) Both DM, Goodtzova K, Yarosh DB, Brown DA. 2002. Liposome-encapsulated ursolic acid increases ceramides and collagen in human skin cells. Arch Dermatol Res 293: 569-575. – reference: 2) Kinoshita M, Hori N, Aida K, Sugawara T, Ohnishi M. 2007. Prevention of melanin formation by yeast cerebroside in B16 mouse melanoma cells. J Oleo Sci 56: 645-648. – reference: 26) Mor V, Farnoud AM, Singh A, Rella A, Tanno H, Ishii K, Kawakami K, Sato T, Del Poeta M. 2016. Glucosylceramide administration as a vaccination strategy in mouse models of Cryptococcosis. PLoS One 11: e0153853. – reference: 31) Rona C, Vailati F, Berardesca E. 2004. The cosmetic treatment of wrinkles. J Cosmet Dermatol 3: 26-34. – reference: 23) Yonei Y, Ashigai H, Ogura M, Yagi M, Kawachi Y, Yanai T. 2012. Effect of consumption of a cassis polysaccharide-containing drink on skin function: a double blind randomized controlled trial of 9-week treatment. Anti-Aging Medicine 9: 34-42. – reference: 20) Sato T, Nakagawa T, Kaji N. 2012. Method for utilizing extraction residue of yeast extract. U.S. Patent Application 14/112,142. – reference: 15) Sugawara T, Miyazawa T. 1999. Separation and determination of glycolipids from edible plant sources by high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light-scattering detection. Lipids 34: 1231-1237. – reference: 18) Food and Drug Administration Office of the Federal Register (US). 2012. Part 172—Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, 172.896 Dried yeasts. In: The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America, p 121. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC. – reference: 30) Kawada A, Konishi N, Oiso N, Kawara S, Date A. 2008. Evaluation of anti-wrinkle effects of a novel cosmetic containing niacinamide. J Dermatol 35: 637-642. – reference: 3) Hartmann D, Lucks J, Fuchs S, Schiffmann S, Schreiber Y, Ferreirós N, Merkens J, Marschalek R, Geisslinger G, Grösch S. 2012. Long chain ceramides and very long chain ceramides have opposite effects on human breast and colon cancer cell growth. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 44: 620-628. – reference: 16) Weatherholtz WM, Holsing GC. 1976. Acceptance of torula yeast for use as a food supplement. Ecol Food Nutr 5: 153-159. – reference: 27) Hori M, Kishimoto S, Tezuka Y, Nishigori H, Nomoto K, Hamada U, Yonei Y. 2010. Double-blind study on effects of glucosyl ceramide in beet extract on skin elasticity and fibronectin production in human dermal fibroblasts. Anti-Aging Medicine 7: 129-142. – reference: 25) Janjua R, Munoz C, Gorell E, Rehmus W, Egbert B, Kern D, Chang AL. 2009. A two-year, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of oral green tea polyphenols on the long-term clinical and histologic appearance of photoaging skin. Dermatol Surg 35: 1057-1065. – reference: 13) Oda T, Tachimoto H, Kishi M, Kaga T, Ichihashi M. 2010. Effect of oral intake of ceramide-containing acetic acid bacteria on skin barrier function. Anti-Aging Medicine 7: 50-54. – ident: 18 – ident: 10 doi: 10.1016/j.sder.2011.05.006 – ident: 25 doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01183.x – ident: 29 doi: 10.1007/s00403-001-0272-0 – ident: 14 doi: 10.1007/s11010-012-1530-5 – ident: 30 doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00537.x – ident: 27 doi: 10.3793/jaam.7.129 – ident: 15 doi: 10.1007/s11745-999-0476-3 – ident: 26 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153853 – ident: 28 doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700683 – ident: 7 doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12474562 – ident: 24 doi: 10.1002/lsm.20515 – ident: 16 doi: 10.1080/03670244.1976.9990460 – ident: 13 doi: 10.3793/jaam.7.50 – ident: 20 – ident: 3 doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.12.019 – ident: 17 – ident: 11 doi: 10.1089/jmf.2011.2137 – ident: 31 doi: 10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00054.x – ident: 21 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01553.x – ident: 1 doi: 10.1007/s00216-005-0044-3 – ident: 8 doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470233 – ident: 19 doi: 10.1007/s00253-005-0187-3 – ident: 6 doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.04.001 – ident: 12 doi: 10.1248/jhs.54.559 – ident: 22 doi: 10.1159/000056341 – ident: 4 doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276831 – ident: 9 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01320.x – ident: 2 doi: 10.5650/jos.56.645 – ident: 5 doi: 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)34214-0 – ident: 23 |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Candida - chemistry Cold Temperature - adverse effects Cross-Over Studies Dietary Supplements Double-Blind Method Female Forearm GlcCer Glucosylceramides - therapeutic use Humans Humidity - adverse effects Japan Male Middle Aged Seasons Severity of Illness Index Skin - immunology Skin - metabolism Skin - physiopathology skin condition Skin Diseases - immunology Skin Diseases - metabolism Skin Diseases - physiopathology Skin Diseases - therapy skin dryness Skin Pigmentation TEWL torula yeast Water - metabolism |
| Title | Effect of Torula Yeast (Candida utilis)-Derived Glucosylceramide on Skin Dryness and Other Skin Conditions in Winter |
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