Rsx is a metatherian RNA with Xist-like properties in X-chromosome inactivation

• Published in: Nature (London) Vol. 487; no. 7406; pp. 254 - 258
• Main Authors: Grant, Jennifer, Mahadevaiah, Shantha K., Khil, Pavel, Sangrithi, Mahesh N., Royo, Hélène, Duckworth, Janine, McCarrey, John R., VandeBerg, John L., Renfree, Marilyn B., Taylor, Willie, Elgar, Greg, Camerini-Otero, R. Daniel, Gilchrist, Mike J., Turner, James M. A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 12.07.2012; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 631/136; 631/208/176/1433; 631/208/176/2016; 631/208/212; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gene expression; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Silencing; Humanities and Social Sciences; letter; Methods; Mice; Molecular and cellular biology; Molecular genetics; Monodelphis - genetics; Monodelphis - metabolism; Monodelphis domestica; multidisciplinary; RNA - genetics; RNA - metabolism; RNA sequencing; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Transcription. Transcription factor. Splicing. Rna processing; Transgenes; X Chromosome - genetics; X Chromosome - metabolism; X Chromosome Inactivation; Australia; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Sex chromosome; Marsupialia; X-Chromosome; Gene expression; Inactivation; Monodelphis domestica
• DOI: 10.1038/nature11171
• ISSN: 0028-0836; 1476-4687

A non-coding RNA termed Rsx , which has properties consistent with a role in X-chromosome inactivation, is identified in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica . Marsupial X-chromosome inactivation In both eutherian (placental) and metatherian (marsupial) mammals, XX females undergo X-chromosome inactivation to ensure that they have the same dose of X-linked gene products as XY males. In eutherians, X-inactivation is initiated by the non-coding RNA Xist , but Xist is not conserved in metatherians, so the mechanism underlying X-inactivation in these mammals has been unclear. Here, a non-coding RNA termed Rsx that has properties consistent with a role in X-inactivation is identified in a marsupial —the grey, short-tailed opossum ( Monodelphis domestica ). Rsx is expressed only in females, is transcribed from and coats the inactive X chromosome, and is associated with gene silencing. Rsx and Xist lack significant sequence homology, which suggests that aspects of the X-chromosome inactivation pathway have evolved convergently. In female (XX) mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated to ensure an equal dose of X-linked genes with males (XY) 1 . X-chromosome inactivation in eutherian mammals is mediated by the non-coding RNA Xist 2 . Xist is not found in metatherians 3 (marsupials), and how X-chromosome inactivation is initiated in these mammals has been the subject of speculation for decades 4 . Using the marsupial Monodelphis domestica , here we identify Rsx (RNA-on-the-silent X), an RNA that has properties consistent with a role in X-chromosome inactivation. Rsx is a large, repeat-rich RNA that is expressed only in females and is transcribed from, and coats, the inactive X chromosome. In female germ cells, in which both X chromosomes are active, Rsx is silenced, linking Rsx expression to X-chromosome inactivation and reactivation. Integration of an Rsx transgene on an autosome in mouse embryonic stem cells leads to gene silencing in cis . Our findings permit comparative studies of X-chromosome inactivation in mammals and pose questions about the mechanisms by which X-chromosome inactivation is achieved in eutherians.