evolution of antiherbivore defenses and their contribution to species coexistence in the tropical tree genus Inga

Plants and their herbivores constitute more than half of the organisms in tropical forests. Therefore, a better understanding of the evolution of plant defenses against their herbivores may be central for our understanding of tropical biodiversity. Here, we address the evolution of antiherbivore def...

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Published inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 106; no. 43; pp. 18073 - 18078
Main Authors Kursar, Thomas A, Dexter, Kyle G, Lokvam, John, Pennington, R. Toby, Richardson, James E, Weber, Marjorie G, Murakami, Eric T, Drake, Camilla, McGregor, Ruth, Coley, Phyllis D
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States National Academy of Sciences 27.10.2009
National Acad Sciences
SeriesPlant and Insect Biodiversity Special Feature
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Abstract Plants and their herbivores constitute more than half of the organisms in tropical forests. Therefore, a better understanding of the evolution of plant defenses against their herbivores may be central for our understanding of tropical biodiversity. Here, we address the evolution of antiherbivore defenses and their possible contribution to coexistence in the Neotropical tree genus Inga (Fabaceae). Inga has >300 species, has radiated recently, and is frequently one of the most diverse and abundant genera at a given site. For 37 species from Panama and Peru we characterized developmental, ant, and chemical defenses against herbivores. We found extensive variation in defenses, but little evidence of phylogenetic signal. Furthermore, in a multivariate analysis, developmental, ant, and chemical defenses varied independently (were orthogonal) and appear to have evolved independently of each other. Our results are consistent with strong selection for divergent defensive traits, presumably mediated by herbivores. In an analysis of community assembly, we found that Inga species co-occurring as neighbors are more different in antiherbivore defenses than random, suggesting that possessing a rare defense phenotype increases fitness. These results imply that interactions with herbivores may be an important axis of niche differentiation that permits the coexistence of many species of Inga within a single site. Interactions between plants and their herbivores likely play a key role in the generation and maintenance of the conspicuously high plant diversity in the tropics.
AbstractList Plants and their herbivores constitute more than half of the organisms in tropical forests. Therefore, a better understanding of the evolution of plant defenses against their herbivores may be central for our understanding of tropical biodiversity. Here, we address the evolution of antiherbivore defenses and their possible contribution to coexistence in the Neotropical tree genus Inga (Fabaceae). Inga has >300 species, has radiated recently, and is frequently one of the most diverse and abundant genera at a given site. For 37 species from Panama and Peru we characterized developmental, ant, and chemical defenses against herbivores. We found extensive variation in defenses, but little evidence of phylogenetic signal. Furthermore, in a multivariate analysis, developmental, ant, and chemical defenses varied independently (were orthogonal) and appear to have evolved independently of each other. Our results are consistent with strong selection for divergent defensive traits, presumably mediated by herbivores. In an analysis of community assembly, we found that Inga species co-occurring as neighbors are more different in antiherbivore defenses than random, suggesting that possessing a rare defense phenotype increases fitness. These results imply that interactions with herbivores may be an important axis of niche differentiation that permits the coexistence of many species of Inga within a single site. Interactions between plants and their herbivores likely play a key role in the generation and maintenance of the conspicuously high plant diversity in the tropics.
Plants and their herbivores constitute more than half of the organisms in tropical forests. Therefore, a better understanding of the evolution of plant defenses against their herbivores may be central for our understanding of tropical biodiversity. Here, we address the evolution of antiherbivore defenses and their possible contribution to coexistence in the Neotropical tree genus Inga (Fabaceae). Inga has >300 species, has radiated recently, and is frequently one of the most diverse and abundant genera at a given site. For 37 species from Panama and Peru we characterized developmental, ant, and chemical defenses against herbivores. We found extensive variation in defenses, but little evidence of phylogenetic signal. Furthermore, in a multivariate analysis, developmental, ant, and chemical defenses varied independently (were orthogonal) and appear to have evolved independently of each other. Our results are consistent with strong selection for divergent defensive traits, presumably mediated by herbivores. In an analysis of community assembly, we found that Inga species co-occurring as neighbors are more different in antiherbivore defenses than random, suggesting that possessing a rare defense phenotype increases fitness. These results imply that interactions with herbivores may be an important axis of niche differentiation that permits the coexistence of many species of Inga within a single site. Interactions between plants and their herbivores likely play a key role in the generation and maintenance of the conspicuously high plant diversity in the tropics.
Plants and their herbivores constitute more than half of the organisms in tropical forests. Therefore, a better understanding of the evolution of plant defenses against their herbivores may be central for our understanding of tropical biodiversity. Here, we address the evolution of antiherbivore defenses and their possible contribution to coexistence in the Neotropical tree genus Inga (Fabaceae). Inga has >300 species, has radiated recently, and is frequently one of the most diverse and abundant genera at a given site. For 37 species from Panama and Peru we characterized developmental, ant, and chemical defenses against herbivores. We found extensive variation in defenses, but little evidence of phylogenetic signal. Furthermore, in a multivariate analysis, developmental, ant, and chemical defenses varied independently (were orthogonal) and appear to have evolved independently of each other. Our results are consistent with strong selection for divergent defensive traits, presumably mediated by herbivores. In an analysis of community assembly, we found that Inga species co-occurring as neighbors are more different in antiherbivore defenses than random, suggesting that possessing a rare defense phenotype increases fitness. These results imply that interactions with herbivores may be an important axis of niche differentiation that permits the coexistence of many species of Inga within a single site. Interactions between plants and their herbivores likely play a key role in the generation and maintenance of the conspicuously high plant diversity in the tropics. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Plants and their herbivores constitute more than half of the organisms in tropical forests. Therefore, a better understandingof the evolution of plant defenses against their herbivores may be central for our understanding of tropical biodiversity.Here, we address the evolution of antiherbivore defenses and their possible contribution to coexistence in the Neotropicaltree genus Inga (Fabaceae). Inga has >300 species, has radiated recently, and is frequently one of the most diverse and abundant genera at a given site. For37 species from Panama and Peru we characterized developmental, ant, and chemical defenses against herbivores. We found extensivevariation in defenses, but little evidence of phylogenetic signal. Furthermore, in a multivariate analysis, developmental, ant, and chemical defenses varied independently (were orthogonal) and appear to have evolved independently of each other.Our results are consistent with strong selection for divergent defensive traits, presumably mediated by herbivores. In ananalysis of community assembly, we found that Inga species co-occurring as neighbors are more different in antiherbivore defenses than random, suggesting that possessing arare defense phenotype increases fitness. These results imply that interactions with herbivores may be an important axis ofniche differentiation that permits the coexistence of many species of Inga within a single site. Interactions between plants and their herbivores likely play a key role in the generation and maintenanceof the conspicuously high plant diversity in the tropics.
Author Lokvam, John
Drake, Camilla
Coley, Phyllis D
McGregor, Ruth
Richardson, James E
Weber, Marjorie G
Murakami, Eric T
Dexter, Kyle G
Pennington, R. Toby
Kursar, Thomas A
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  fullname: Kursar, Thomas A
– sequence: 2
  fullname: Dexter, Kyle G
– sequence: 3
  fullname: Lokvam, John
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  fullname: Pennington, R. Toby
– sequence: 5
  fullname: Richardson, James E
– sequence: 6
  fullname: Weber, Marjorie G
– sequence: 7
  fullname: Murakami, Eric T
– sequence: 8
  fullname: Drake, Camilla
– sequence: 9
  fullname: McGregor, Ruth
– sequence: 10
  fullname: Coley, Phyllis D
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805183$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright Copyright National Academy of Sciences Oct 27, 2009
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Author contributions: T.A.K., K.G.D., J.L., R.T.P., and P.D.C. designed research; T.A.K., K.G.D., J.L., R.T.P., J.E.R., M.G.W., E.T.M., C.D., R.M., and P.D.C. performed research; K.G.D., J.L., R.T.P., J.E.R., and P.D.C. analyzed data; and T.A.K., K.G.D., J.L., R.T.P., and P.D.C. wrote the paper.
Edited by Anurag A. Agrawal, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, and accepted by the Editorial Board July 27, 2009
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Snippet Plants and their herbivores constitute more than half of the organisms in tropical forests. Therefore, a better understanding of the evolution of plant...
Plants and their herbivores constitute more than half of the organisms in tropical forests. Therefore, a better understandingof the evolution of plant defenses...
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StartPage 18073
SubjectTerms Animals
Ants
Ants - physiology
Biodiversity
Biological Evolution
Biological Sciences
Biological taxonomies
Botany
chemical ecology
Chemicals
Chlorophyll - biosynthesis
Chlorophyll - chemistry
Coexistence
Differentiation
Evolution
Fabaceae
Fabaceae - chemistry
Fabaceae - genetics
Fabaceae - growth & development
Fabaceae - metabolism
Fitness
Food Chain
Forests
Formicidae
Herbivores
Inga
Inga (Fabaceae)
Insect genetics
insect pests
Leaves
Molecular Sequence Data
Multivariate analysis
mutualism
pest resistance
Phenotypic traits
Phylogenetics
Phylogeny
phytophagous insects
Plant and Insect Biodiversity Special Feature
plant diversity
Plant Leaves - chemistry
Plant Leaves - genetics
Plant Leaves - growth & development
Plant Leaves - metabolism
plant-insect relations
Plants
resistance mechanisms
secondary metabolites
Selection, Genetic
species diversity
Trees
Tropical environments
tropical forests
Tropical rain forests
tropics
Title evolution of antiherbivore defenses and their contribution to species coexistence in the tropical tree genus Inga
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