Canopy Herbivory and Insect Herbivore Diversity in a Dry Forest-Savanna Transition in Brazil
This study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically a dry forest ecosystem and a cerrado (savanna) ecosystem that occur together in an abrupt transition zone in southeastern Brazil. In the dry forest,...
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| Published in | Biotropica Vol. 42; no. 1; pp. 112 - 118 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Malden, USA
Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc
2010
Blackwell Publishing Inc Wiley Subscription Services Wiley |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | This study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically a dry forest ecosystem and a cerrado (savanna) ecosystem that occur together in an abrupt transition zone in southeastern Brazil. In the dry forest, the canopy was reached using a single rope climbing technique, whereas the shorter canopy of the cerrado was assessed using a 7 m ladder. Insect specimens were collected by beating the foliage, and 20 representative leaves were collected to calculate the specific leaf mass (SLM) and leaf area loss through herbivory. Also, we collected ten soil samples from each habitat to determine soil nutrient content. We sampled 118 herbivorous insects from ten families, mostly in dry forest trees (96 individuals belonging to 31 species). A higher abundance of chewing and sap-sucking insects were observed in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. The same pattern was observed for the richness of chewers, with a higher degree of diversity of chewers found in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. Herbivorous insects were not affected by SLM regardless of guild and habitat. However, we observed a negative correlation between the herbivory rate and the specific leaf mass (SLM). The cerrado trees showed a higher SLM and lower herbivory rates than trees occurring in the dry forest. These results suggest that herbivory rates in the transition dry forest-cerrado may be driven by soil nutrient content, which is thought to influence leaf sclerophylly. Abstract in Portuguese is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/btp. |
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| AbstractList | This study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically a dry forest ecosystem and a cerrado (savanna) ecosystem that occur together in an abrupt transition zone in southeastern Brazil. In the dry forest, the canopy was reached using a single rope climbing technique, whereas the shorter canopy of the cerrado was assessed using a 7 m ladder. Insect specimens were collected by beating the foliage, and 20 representative leaves were collected to calculate the specific leaf mass (SLM) and leaf area loss through herbivory. Also, we collected ten soil samples from each habitat to determine soil nutrient content. We sampled 118 herbivorous insects from ten families, mostly in dry forest trees (96 individuals belonging to 31 species). A higher abundance of chewing and sap-sucking insects were observed in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. The same pattern was observed for the richness of chewers, with a higher degree of diversity of chewers found in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. Herbivorous insects were not affected by SLM regardless of guild and habitat. However, we observed a negative correlation between the herbivory rate and the specific leaf mass (SLM). The cerrado trees showed a higher SLM and lower herbivory rates than trees occurring in the dry forest. These results suggest that herbivory rates in the transition dry forest-cerrado may be driven by soil nutrient content, which is thought to influence leaf sclerophylly. Abstract in Portuguese is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/btp. This study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically a dry forest ecosystem and a cerrado (savanna) ecosystem that occur together in an abrupt transition zone in southeastern Brazil. In the dry forest, the canopy was reached using a single rope climbing technique, whereas the shorter canopy of the cerrado was assessed using a 7 m ladder. Insect specimens were collected by beating the foliage, and 20 representative leaves were collected to calculate the specific leaf mass (SLM) and leaf area loss through herbivory. Also, we collected ten soil samples from each habitat to determine soil nutrient content. We sampled 118 herbivorous insects from ten families, mostly in dry forest trees (96 individuals belonging to 31 species). A higher abundance of chewing and sap‐sucking insects were observed in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. The same pattern was observed for the richness of chewers, with a higher degree of diversity of chewers found in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. Herbivorous insects were not affected by SLM regardless of guild and habitat. However, we observed a negative correlation between the herbivory rate and the specific leaf mass (SLM). The cerrado trees showed a higher SLM and lower herbivory rates than trees occurring in the dry forest. These results suggest that herbivory rates in the transition dry forest–cerrado may be driven by soil nutrient content, which is thought to influence leaf sclerophylly. O presente estudo tem como objetivos comparar a comunidade de herbívoros juntamente com os danos causados por esses insetos entre dois ecossistemas, uma floresta decídua e o cerrado (savanna) ecossistemas que ocorrem juntos em uma região transição no sudeste do Brasil. Na floresta decídua, o dossel foi acessado utilizando uma técnica de escalada em corda simples, já o dossel do cerrado foi acessado utilizando uma escada de sete metros de altura. Os insetos foram amostrados utilizando a técnica de batimento entomológico nas folhas, além disso, 20 folhas de cada árvore foram coletadas para o calculo da massa foliar específica e a área foliar perdida por ação de insetos herbívoros. Também coletamos em cada ecossistema dez amostras de solo de para determinação da concentração de nutrientes. Nós amostramos 118 insetos herbívoros distribuídos em dez famílias; a floresta decídua apresentou uma maior diversidade (96 indivíduos distribuídos em 31 espécies). Uma maior abundância de insetos herbívoros por árvore foi amostrada na floresta decidua, se comparada a árvores presentes no cerrado. O mesmo padrão foi observado para a riqueza de mastigadores, com uma maior riqueza de mastigadores amostrada em árvores presentes na floresta decídua. Os insetos herbívoros de ambas as guildas e ecossistemas não foram afetados pela massa foliar específica. Entretanto, nós observamos uma correlação negativa entre a taxa de herbivoria foliar e a massa foliar específica. árvores do cerrado apresentam uma maior massa foliar específica e uma menor taxa de herbivoria se comparadas a árvores presentes na floresta decídua. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que as taxas de herbivoria em uma na transição entre florestas deciduas‐cerrado podem ser dirigidas pelos nutrientes presentes no solo, que também podem influenciar na esclerofilia foliar. This study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically a dry forest ecosystem and a cerrado (savanna) ecosystem that occur together in an abrupt transition zone in southeastern Brazil. In the dry forest, the canopy was reached using a single rope climbing technique, whereas the shorter canopy of the cerrado was assessed using a 7 m ladder. Insect specimens were collected by beating the foliage, and 20 representative leaves were collected to calculate the specific leaf mass (SLM) and leaf area loss through herbivory. Also, we collected ten soil samples from each habitat to determine soil nutrient content. We sampled 118 herbivorous insects from ten families, mostly in dry forest trees (96 individuals belonging to 31 species). A higher abundance of chewing and sap-sucking insects were observed in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. The same pattern was observed for the richness of chewers, with a higher degree of diversity of chewers found in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. Herbivorous insects were not affected by SLM regardless of guild and habitat. However, we observed a negative correlation between the herbivory rate and the specific leaf mass (SLM). The cerrado trees showed a higher SLM and lower herbivory rates than trees occurring in the dry forest. These results suggest that herbivory rates in the transition dry forest–cerrado may be driven by soil nutrient content, which is thought to influence leaf sclerophylly. ABSTRACTThis study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically a dry forest ecosystem and a cerrado (savanna) ecosystem that occur together in an abrupt transition zone in southeastern Brazil. In the dry forest, the canopy was reached using a single rope climbing technique, whereas the shorter canopy of the cerrado was assessed using a 7 m ladder. Insect specimens were collected by beating the foliage, and 20 representative leaves were collected to calculate the specific leaf mass (SLM) and leaf area loss through herbivory. Also, we collected ten soil samples from each habitat to determine soil nutrient content. We sampled 118 herbivorous insects from ten families, mostly in dry forest trees (96 individuals belonging to 31 species). A higher abundance of chewing and sap-sucking insects were observed in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. The same pattern was observed for the richness of chewers, with a higher degree of diversity of chewers found in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. Herbivorous insects were not affected by SLM regardless of guild and habitat. However, we observed a negative correlation between the herbivory rate and the specific leaf mass (SLM). The cerrado trees showed a higher SLM and lower herbivory rates than trees occurring in the dry forest. These results suggest that herbivory rates in the transition dry forest-cerrado may be driven by soil nutrient content, which is thought to influence leaf sclerophylly.Abstract in Portuguese is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/btp. ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically a dry forest ecosystem and a cerrado (savanna) ecosystem that occur together in an abrupt transition zone in southeastern Brazil. In the dry forest, the canopy was reached using a single rope climbing technique, whereas the shorter canopy of the cerrado was assessed using a 7 m ladder. Insect specimens were collected by beating the foliage, and 20 representative leaves were collected to calculate the specific leaf mass (SLM) and leaf area loss through herbivory. Also, we collected ten soil samples from each habitat to determine soil nutrient content. We sampled 118 herbivorous insects from ten families, mostly in dry forest trees (96 individuals belonging to 31 species). A higher abundance of chewing and sap‐sucking insects were observed in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. The same pattern was observed for the richness of chewers, with a higher degree of diversity of chewers found in dry forest trees than in cerrado trees. Herbivorous insects were not affected by SLM regardless of guild and habitat. However, we observed a negative correlation between the herbivory rate and the specific leaf mass (SLM). The cerrado trees showed a higher SLM and lower herbivory rates than trees occurring in the dry forest. These results suggest that herbivory rates in the transition dry forest–cerrado may be driven by soil nutrient content, which is thought to influence leaf sclerophylly. RESUMO O presente estudo tem como objetivos comparar a comunidade de herbívoros juntamente com os danos causados por esses insetos entre dois ecossistemas, uma floresta decídua e o cerrado (savanna) ecossistemas que ocorrem juntos em uma região transição no sudeste do Brasil. Na floresta decídua, o dossel foi acessado utilizando uma técnica de escalada em corda simples, já o dossel do cerrado foi acessado utilizando uma escada de sete metros de altura. Os insetos foram amostrados utilizando a técnica de batimento entomológico nas folhas, além disso, 20 folhas de cada árvore foram coletadas para o calculo da massa foliar específica e a área foliar perdida por ação de insetos herbívoros. Também coletamos em cada ecossistema dez amostras de solo de para determinação da concentração de nutrientes. Nós amostramos 118 insetos herbívoros distribuídos em dez famílias; a floresta decídua apresentou uma maior diversidade (96 indivíduos distribuídos em 31 espécies). Uma maior abundância de insetos herbívoros por árvore foi amostrada na floresta decidua, se comparada a árvores presentes no cerrado. O mesmo padrão foi observado para a riqueza de mastigadores, com uma maior riqueza de mastigadores amostrada em árvores presentes na floresta decídua. Os insetos herbívoros de ambas as guildas e ecossistemas não foram afetados pela massa foliar específica. Entretanto, nós observamos uma correlação negativa entre a taxa de herbivoria foliar e a massa foliar específica. árvores do cerrado apresentam uma maior massa foliar específica e uma menor taxa de herbivoria se comparadas a árvores presentes na floresta decídua. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que as taxas de herbivoria em uma na transição entre florestas deciduas‐cerrado podem ser dirigidas pelos nutrientes presentes no solo, que também podem influenciar na esclerofilia foliar. |
| Author | Quesada, Mauricio Fernandes, G. Wilson Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. Arturo Fagundes, Marcílio Espírito-Santo, Mário M. Neves, Frederico S. Araújo, Lucimar S. |
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| Keywords | Dry forest habitat transition Herbivorous Savannah Insecta Tropical zone Diversity Soil quality Plant leaf Guild Canopy insect Sclerophylly Biome Phytophagous Arthropoda Transition insect guild Habitat Invertebrata Cerrado leaf sclerophylly Canopy(vegetation) |
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Sanson. 2003. Characterizing sclerophylly: The mechanical properties of a diverse range of leaf types. New Phytol. 160: 81-99. Price, P. W. 1997. Insect ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. Bendicho-Lopez, A., H. C. Morais, J. D. Hay, and I. R. Diniz. 2006. Lepidópteros folívoros em Roupala montana Aubl. (Proteaceae) no Cerrado Sensu Stricto. Neotrop. Entomol. 35: 182-191. Lamont, B. B., P. K. Groom, and R. M. Cowling. 2002. High leaf mass per area of related species assemblages may reflect low rainfall and carbon isotope discrimination rather than low phosphorous and nitrogen concentrations. Funct. Ecol. 16: 403-412. Franco, A. C., and U. Luttge. 2002. Midday depression in savanna trees: Coordinated adjustments in photochemical efficiency, photorespiration, CO2 assimilation and water use efficiency. Oecologia 131: 356-365. Loveless, A. R. 1962. Further evidence to support a nutritional interpretation of sclerophylly. Ann. Bot. 26: 551-561. Coley, P. D., J. P. Bryant, and F. S. Chapin. 1985. Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense. Science 230: 895-899. Borror, D. J., C. A. Triplehorn, and N. F. Johnson. 2002. An introduction to the study of insects. Saunders College Publishing, New York, New York. Furley, P. A. 1999. The nature and diversity of neotropical savanna vegetation with particular reference to the Brazilian cerrados. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 8: 223-241. Goodland, R. 1971. A Physiognomic analysis of the Cerrado vegetation of central Brasil. J. Ecol. 59: 411-419. Basset, Y. 2001. Invertebrates in the canopy of tropical rain forests: How much do we really know? Plant Ecol. 153: 87-107. Espírito-Santo, M. M., F. S. Neves, F. R. Andrade-Neto, and G. W. Fernandes. 2007. Plant architecture and merystem dynamics as the mechanisms determining the diversity of gall-inducing insects. Oecologia 153: 353-364. R Development Core Team. 2005. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 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Light-induced variation in phenolic levels in foliage of rain-forest plants. II. Potential significance to herbivores. J. Chem. Ecol. 14: 23-34. Fernandes, G. W. 1994. Plant mechanical defenses against insect herbivory. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 38: 421-433. Haukioja, E., K. RuohomÄki, J. Suomela, and T. Vuorisalo. 1991. Nutritional quality as a defense against herbivores. For. Ecol. Manage. 39: 237-245. 2002; 16 1974; 16 2006; 35 1992; 121 1982; 51 1993; 65 2002; 155 2000; 86 1983; 53 1983; 8 2007; 30 1979 1984; 16 2009; 50 2006; 66 1971; 59 2006; 29 2003; 160 1984 1994; 38 2001; 15 2001; 17 1989 1991; 39 2002; 131 1990; 38 1978; 10 1969; 50 1988; 14 2002; 77 1998 1997 2008 1995 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 1991 1999; 8 2002; 27 1994; 8 2001; 153 2007; 153 2006; 187 1962; 26 1992; 24 2006; 149 1992; 67 1961; 25 1985; 230 e_1_2_6_53_1 Choong M. F. (e_1_2_6_7_1) 1992; 121 Fernandes G. W. (e_1_2_6_14_1) 1991 e_1_2_6_32_1 e_1_2_6_30_1 R Development Core Team. (e_1_2_6_44_1) 2005 Franco A. C. (e_1_2_6_15_1) 2002; 131 e_1_2_6_19_1 e_1_2_6_59_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_34_1 Wright I. J. (e_1_2_6_62_1) 2002; 155 e_1_2_6_17_1 e_1_2_6_38_1 e_1_2_6_57_1 e_1_2_6_41_1 e_1_2_6_60_1 Rinker H. B. (e_1_2_6_50_1) 2004 Borror D. J. (e_1_2_6_5_1) 2002 Basset Y. (e_1_2_6_3_1) 2003 e_1_2_6_9_1 Reatto A. (e_1_2_6_46_1) 1998 Strong D. R. (e_1_2_6_55_1) 1984 Ribeiro J. P. (e_1_2_6_47_1) 1998 Ribeiro S. P. (e_1_2_6_49_1) 2007; 30 e_1_2_6_28_1 e_1_2_6_26_1 Herms D. A. (e_1_2_6_22_1) 1992; 67 e_1_2_6_54_1 e_1_2_6_31_1 Fernandes G. W (e_1_2_6_13_1) 1994; 38 Basset Y (e_1_2_6_2_1) 2001; 153 Kitching R. L. (e_1_2_6_24_1) 1997 Rasband W. S (e_1_2_6_43_1) 2006 Oliveira P. E (e_1_2_6_36_1) 1998 Salatino A (e_1_2_6_51_1) 1993; 65 e_1_2_6_35_1 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_33_1 Gonçalves‐Alvim S. J. (e_1_2_6_18_1) 2006; 187 Goodland R. (e_1_2_6_20_1) 1979 e_1_2_6_39_1 e_1_2_6_16_1 e_1_2_6_37_1 Scariot A. (e_1_2_6_52_1) 2005 Crawley M. J (e_1_2_6_10_1) 2002 e_1_2_6_21_1 e_1_2_6_40_1 e_1_2_6_61_1 Lowman M. D (e_1_2_6_29_1) 2009; 50 Ribeiro S. P (e_1_2_6_48_1) 2003 e_1_2_6_8_1 Price P. W (e_1_2_6_42_1) 1997 e_1_2_6_4_1 Weis A. E. (e_1_2_6_58_1) 1989 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_25_1 e_1_2_6_23_1 Read J. (e_1_2_6_45_1) 2003; 160 e_1_2_6_27_1 Turner I. M. (e_1_2_6_56_1) 1994; 8 |
| References_xml | – reference: Marquis, R. J., I. R. Diniz, and H. C. Morais. 2001. Patterns and correlates of interspecific variation in foliar insect herbivory and pathogen attack in Brazilian cerrado. J. Trop. Ecol. 17: 127-148. – reference: Strong, D. R., J. H. Lawton, and T. R. E. Southwood. 1984. Insects on plant. Community patterns and mechanisms. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. – reference: Huberty, A. F., and R. F. Denno. 2006. Consequences of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation for the performance of two planthoppers with divergent life-history strategies. Oecologia 149: 444-455. – reference: White, T. C. R. 1969. An index to measure weather induced stress of trees associated with outbreak of psyllids in Australia. Ecology 50: 905-909. – reference: Herms, D. A., and W. J. Mattson. 1992. The dilemma of plants: To grow or defend. Q. Rev. Biol. 67: 283-335. – reference: Price, P. W. 1992. The resource-based organization of communities. Biotropica 24: 273-282. – reference: Furley, P. A. 1999. The nature and diversity of neotropical savanna vegetation with particular reference to the Brazilian cerrados. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 8: 223-241. – reference: Goodland, R., and M. G. Ferri. 1979. Ecologia do Cerrado. Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. – reference: Lowman, M. D. 2009. Canopy research in the twenty-first century: A review of Arboreal Ecology. J. Trop. Ecol. 50: 125-136. – reference: Ribeiro, S. P., and Y. Basset. 2007. Gall-forming and free-feeding herbivory along vertical gradients in a lowland tropical rainforest: The importance of leaf sclerophylly. Ecography 30: 663-672. – reference: R Development Core Team. 2005. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. Available at http://www.r-project.org (accessed July 2005). – reference: Pinheiro, F., I. R. Diniz, D. Coelho, and M. P. S. Bandeira. 2002. Seasonal pattern of insect abundance in the Brazilian cerrado. Aust. Ecol. 27: 132-136. – reference: White, T. C. R. 1974. A hypothesis to explain outbreaks of looper caterpillars, with special reference to populations of Selidosema suavis in plantation of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Oecologia 16: 279-301. – reference: Goodland, R. 1971. A Physiognomic analysis of the Cerrado vegetation of central Brasil. J. Ecol. 59: 411-419. – reference: Coley, P. D. 1983. Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in lowland tropical rain forest. Ecol. Monogr. 53: 209-233. – reference: Lowman, M. D., and J. D. Box. 1983. Variation in leaf toughness and phenolic content among five species of Australian rain forest trees. Aust. J. Ecol. 8: 17-25. – reference: Mole, S., and P. G. Waterman. 1988. Light-induced variation in phenolic levels in foliage of rain-forest plants. II. Potential significance to herbivores. J. Chem. Ecol. 14: 23-34. – reference: Wright, I. J., and K. Cannon. 2001. Relationships between leaf lifespan and structural defences in a low-nutrient, sclerophyll flora. Funct. Ecol. 15: 351-359. – reference: Lucas, P. W., I. M. Turner, N. J. Dominy, and N. Yamashita. 2000. Mechanical defenses to herbivory. Ann. Bot. 86: 913-920. – reference: Peeters, P. J. 2002. Correlations between leaf structural traits and the densities of herbivorous insect guilds. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 77: 43-65. – reference: Shaw, D. C., K. A. Ernest, H. B. Rinker, and M. D. Lowman. 2006. Stand-Level herbivory in an old-growth conifer forest canopy. West. N. Am. Nat. 66: 473-481. – reference: Perry, D. R. 1978. A method of access into the crowns of emergent and canopy trees. Biotropica 10: 155-157. – reference: Price, P. W. 1997. Insect ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York. – reference: Turner, I. M.1994. Sclerophylly: Primarily protective. Funct. Ecol. 8: 669-675. – reference: Read, J., and G. D. Sanson. 2003. Characterizing sclerophylly: The mechanical properties of a diverse range of leaf types. New Phytol. 160: 81-99. – reference: Wright, I. J., and M. Westoby. 2002. Leaves at low versus high rainfall: Coordination of structure, lifespan and physiology. New Phytol. 155: 103-116. – reference: Lamont, B. B., P. K. Groom, and R. M. Cowling. 2002. High leaf mass per area of related species assemblages may reflect low rainfall and carbon isotope discrimination rather than low phosphorous and nitrogen concentrations. Funct. Ecol. 16: 403-412. – reference: Moran, V. C., and T. R. E. Southwood. 1982. The guild composition of arthropod communities in trees. J. Anim. Ecol. 51: 289-306. – reference: Salatino, A. 1993. Chemical ecology and the theory of oligotrophic scleromorphism. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 65: 1-13. – reference: Fernandes, G. W. 1994. Plant mechanical defenses against insect herbivory. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 38: 421-433. – reference: Haukioja, E., K. RuohomÄki, J. Suomela, and T. Vuorisalo. 1991. Nutritional quality as a defense against herbivores. For. Ecol. Manage. 39: 237-245. – reference: Specht, R. L., and P. W. Rundel. 1990. Sclerophylly and foliar nutrient status of Mediterranean-climate plant communities in southern Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 38: 459-474. – reference: Basset, Y. 2001. Invertebrates in the canopy of tropical rain forests: How much do we really know? Plant Ecol. 153: 87-107. – reference: Crawley, M. J. 2002. Statistical computing-an introduction to data analysis using s-plus. John Wiley & Sons, London, UK. – reference: Espírito-Santo, M. M., F. S. Neves, F. R. Andrade-Neto, and G. W. Fernandes. 2007. Plant architecture and merystem dynamics as the mechanisms determining the diversity of gall-inducing insects. Oecologia 153: 353-364. – reference: Gonçalves-Alvim, S. J., G. Korndorf, and G. W. Fernades. 2006. Sclerophylly in Qualea parviflora (Vochysiaceae): Influence of herbivory, mineral nutrients, and water status. Plant Ecol. 187: 153-162. – reference: Coley, P. D., J. P. Bryant, and F. S. Chapin. 1985. Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense. Science 230: 895-899. – reference: Varanda, E. M., and M. P. Pais. 2006. Insect folivory in Didymopanax vinosum (Apiaceae) in a vegetation mosaic of Brazilian cerrado. Braz. J. Biol. 66: 671-680. – reference: Borror, D. J., C. A. Triplehorn, and N. F. Johnson. 2002. An introduction to the study of insects. Saunders College Publishing, New York, New York. – reference: Loveless, A. R. 1961. A nutritional interpretation of sclerophylly based on differences in the chemical composition of sclerophyllous and mesophytic leaves. Ann. Bot. 25: 168-184. – reference: Rasband, W. S. 2006. ImageJ. U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Available at http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij (accessed July 2005). – reference: Choong, M. F., P. W. Lucas, J. S. Y. Ong, P. Pereira, H. T. W. Tan, and I. M. Turner. 1992. Leaf structure toughness and sclerophylly: Their correlations and ecological implications. New Phytol. 121: 497-610. – reference: Lowman, M. D. 1984. An assessment of techniques for measuring herbivory: Is rainforest defoliation more intense than we thought? Biotropica 16: 264-268. – reference: Loveless, A. R. 1962. Further evidence to support a nutritional interpretation of sclerophylly. Ann. Bot. 26: 551-561. – reference: Campos, R., H. L. Vasconcelos, S. P. Ribeiro, F. S. Neves, and J. P. Soares. 2006. Relationship between tree size and insect assemblages associated with Anadenanthera macrocarpa. Ecography 29: 442-450. – reference: Franco, A. C., and U. Luttge. 2002. Midday depression in savanna trees: Coordinated adjustments in photochemical efficiency, photorespiration, CO2 assimilation and water use efficiency. Oecologia 131: 356-365. – reference: Bendicho-Lopez, A., H. C. Morais, J. D. Hay, and I. R. Diniz. 2006. Lepidópteros folívoros em Roupala montana Aubl. (Proteaceae) no Cerrado Sensu Stricto. Neotrop. Entomol. 35: 182-191. – volume: 153 start-page: 353 year: 2007 end-page: 364 article-title: Plant architecture and merystem dynamics as the mechanisms determining the diversity of gall‐inducing insects publication-title: Oecologia – year: 2005 – start-page: 7 year: 2003 end-page: 16 – volume: 38 start-page: 459 year: 1990 end-page: 474 article-title: Sclerophylly and foliar nutrient status of Mediterranean‐climate plant communities in southern Australia publication-title: Aust. J. Bot. – volume: 67 start-page: 283 year: 1992 end-page: 335 article-title: The dilemma of plants publication-title: To grow or defend – start-page: 348 year: 2003 end-page: 359 – volume: 66 start-page: 473 year: 2006 end-page: 481 article-title: Stand‐Level herbivory in an old‐growth conifer forest canopy publication-title: West. N. Am. Nat. – volume: 153 start-page: 87 year: 2001 end-page: 107 article-title: Invertebrates in the canopy of tropical rain forests publication-title: How much do we really know? – volume: 16 start-page: 403 year: 2002 end-page: 412 article-title: High leaf mass per area of related species assemblages may reflect low rainfall and carbon isotope discrimination rather than low phosphorous and nitrogen concentrations publication-title: Funct. Ecol. – start-page: 91 year: 1991 end-page: 115 – volume: 51 start-page: 289 year: 1982 end-page: 306 article-title: The guild composition of arthropod communities in trees publication-title: J. Anim. Ecol. – year: 1979 – volume: 29 start-page: 442 year: 2006 end-page: 450 article-title: Relationship between tree size and insect assemblages associated with publication-title: Ecography – start-page: 379 year: 2004 end-page: 393 – volume: 16 start-page: 264 year: 1984 end-page: 268 article-title: An assessment of techniques for measuring herbivory: Is rainforest defoliation more intense than we thought? publication-title: Biotropica – volume: 16 start-page: 279 year: 1974 end-page: 301 article-title: A hypothesis to explain outbreaks of looper caterpillars, with special reference to populations of in plantation of in New Zealand publication-title: Oecologia – volume: 26 start-page: 551 year: 1962 end-page: 561 article-title: Further evidence to support a nutritional interpretation of sclerophylly publication-title: Ann. Bot. – volume: 50 start-page: 905 year: 1969 end-page: 909 article-title: An index to measure weather induced stress of trees associated with outbreak of psyllids in Australia publication-title: Ecology – volume: 17 start-page: 127 year: 2001 end-page: 148 article-title: Patterns and correlates of interspecific variation in foliar insect herbivory and pathogen attack in Brazilian cerrado publication-title: J. Trop. Ecol. – volume: 131 start-page: 356 year: 2002 end-page: 365 article-title: Midday depression in savanna trees publication-title: Coordinated adjustments in photochemical efficiency, photorespiration, CO2 assimilation and water use efficiency – year: 2008 – volume: 25 start-page: 168 year: 1961 end-page: 184 article-title: A nutritional interpretation of sclerophylly based on differences in the chemical composition of sclerophyllous and mesophytic leaves publication-title: Ann. Bot. – year: 2004 – volume: 160 start-page: 81 year: 2003 end-page: 99 article-title: Characterizing sclerophylly publication-title: The mechanical properties of a diverse range of leaf types – year: 1997 – start-page: 169 year: 1998 end-page: 192 – volume: 39 start-page: 237 year: 1991 end-page: 245 article-title: Nutritional quality as a defense against herbivores publication-title: For. Ecol. Manage. – start-page: 123 year: 1989 end-page: 162 – start-page: 123 year: 2005 end-page: 139 – start-page: 131 year: 1997 end-page: 150 – volume: 24 start-page: 273 year: 1992 end-page: 282 article-title: The resource‐based organization of communities publication-title: Biotropica – volume: 35 start-page: 182 year: 2006 end-page: 191 article-title: Lepidópteros folívoros em Aubl. (Proteaceae) no Cerrado Sensu Stricto publication-title: Neotrop. Entomol. – volume: 30 start-page: 663 year: 2007 end-page: 672 article-title: Gall‐forming and free‐feeding herbivory along vertical gradients in a lowland tropical rainforest publication-title: The importance of leaf sclerophylly – volume: 8 start-page: 17 year: 1983 end-page: 25 article-title: Variation in leaf toughness and phenolic content among five species of Australian rain forest trees publication-title: Aust. J. Ecol. – volume: 121 start-page: 497 year: 1992 end-page: 610 article-title: Leaf structure toughness and sclerophylly publication-title: Their correlations and ecological implications – volume: 149 start-page: 444 year: 2006 end-page: 455 article-title: Consequences of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation for the performance of two planthoppers with divergent life‐history strategies publication-title: Oecologia – volume: 10 start-page: 155 year: 1978 end-page: 157 article-title: A method of access into the crowns of emergent and canopy trees publication-title: Biotropica – volume: 27 start-page: 132 year: 2002 end-page: 136 article-title: Seasonal pattern of insect abundance in the Brazilian cerrado publication-title: Aust. Ecol. – volume: 230 start-page: 895 year: 1985 end-page: 899 article-title: Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense publication-title: Science – start-page: 89 year: 1998 end-page: 166 – start-page: 304 year: 1995 end-page: 325 – volume: 66 start-page: 671 year: 2006 end-page: 680 article-title: Insect folivory in (Apiaceae) in a vegetation mosaic of Brazilian cerrado publication-title: Braz. J. Biol. – volume: 187 start-page: 153 year: 2006 end-page: 162 article-title: Sclerophylly in (Vochysiaceae) publication-title: Influence of herbivory, mineral nutrients, and water status – year: 1984 – volume: 59 start-page: 411 year: 1971 end-page: 419 article-title: A Physiognomic analysis of the Cerrado vegetation of central Brasil publication-title: J. Ecol. – volume: 50 start-page: 125 year: 2009 end-page: 136 article-title: Canopy research in the twenty‐first century: A review of Arboreal Ecology publication-title: J. Trop. 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| Snippet | This study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically a dry... ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically... ABSTRACTThis study aimed to compare canopy herbivore diversity and resultant insect damage to vegetation in two distinct and adjacent ecosystems, specifically... |
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| SubjectTerms | Abundance Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Biological and medical sciences Brazil canopy Canopy insect Cerrado Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife Dry forests ecosystems Forest canopy Forest habitats Forest insects Forest trees Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects habitat transition habitats Herbivores insect guild Insecta Invertebrates leaf area leaf sclerophylly Leaves mastication nutrient content Phytophagous insects savannas soil nutrients soil quality soil sampling Trees Tropical Biology |
| Title | Canopy Herbivory and Insect Herbivore Diversity in a Dry Forest-Savanna Transition in Brazil |
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