Patterns of food consumption in Vietnam: effects on socioeconomic groups during an era of economic growth
Objective: To identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor, rural, and ethnic minority) as it did to the nonpoor-largely in the urban areas. Design: This study used cross-sectional analyses in the contex...
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| Published in | European journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 58; no. 1; pp. 145 - 153 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
2004
Nature Publishing Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0954-3007 1476-5640 |
| DOI | 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601761 |
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| Abstract | Objective: To identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor, rural, and ethnic minority) as it did to the nonpoor-largely in the urban areas. Design: This study used cross-sectional analyses in the context of inequalities occurring in the diets of the poor and nonpoor that accompanied economic improvements during the Vietnam Doi Moi period. Setting: During the Doi Moi period in Vietnam. Subjects: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data using 23 839 individuals (4800 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) in 1992-1993 and 28 509 individuals (6002 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey in 1997-1998. Analysis for changes in food consumption was conducted on 17 763 individuals (4305 households) that were included in both surveys. Intervention: None. Results: After initiation of Doi Moi in 1986, the average Vietnamese person reached the dietary adequacy of 2100 kcal per day per capita in the early 1990s, but this did not improve during the next decade. The structure of diet shifted to less starchy staples while proteins and lipids (meat, fish, other protein-rich higher fat foods) increased significantly. Although the gap in nutrient intake between the poor and the nonpoor decreased, the proportion of calories from protein- and lipid-rich food for the poor is lower than for the nonpoor. The VLSS data showed that the increase of protein and lipid foods in total energy structure over the 5 y between the VLSS studies for poor households was 0.43% (CI=0.33, 0.53) and 0.47% (CI=0.41, 0.54) lower, respectively, than for nonpoor households (P<0.0001). Inequalities compared to the nonpoor were also found in both quantity and quality of food consumption. For example, poor households consumed (quantity) 127 kcal/day (CI=119, 135) less from meat, and 32 kcal/day (CI=27, 38) less from fats than nonpoor households (P<0.0001), and the proportion of calories consumed (quality) by poor households was 5.8% (CI=5.4, 6.1) less from meat and 0.96% (CI=1.2, 0.7) less from fats than by nonpoor households (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Although the key vulnerable groups-rural, poor, and minority populations-showed improvements in diet, there still remains an inequity between these groups and the nonpoor of the population. In particular, the vulnerable groups consumed less of their daily consumption from the desirable high-quality proteins of animal foods and fats, and more from cereals and other starches-lagging the better-off populations in desired composition. |
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| AbstractList | Objective: To identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor, rural, and ethnic minority) as it did to the nonpoor 3/4 largely in the urban areas. Design: This study used cross-sectional analyses in the context of inequalities occurring in the diets of the poor and nonpoor that accompanied economic improvements during the Vietnam Doi Moi period. Setting: During the Doi Moi period in Vietnam. Subjects: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data using 23 839 individuals (4800 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) in 1992-1993 and 28 509 individuals (6002 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey in 1997-1998. Analysis for changes in food consumption was conducted on 17 763 individuals (4305 households) that were included in both surveys. Intervention: None. Results: After initiation of Doi Moi in 1986, the average Vietnamese person reached the dietary adequacy of 2100 kcal per day per capita in the early 1990s, but this did not improve during the next decade. The structure of diet shifted to less starchy staples while proteins and lipids (meat, fish, other protein-rich higher fat foods) increased significantly. Although the gap in nutrient intake between the poor and the nonpoor decreased, the proportion of calories from protein- and lipid-rich food for the poor is lower than for the nonpoor. The VLSS data showed that the increase of protein and lipid foods in total energy structure over the 5 y between the VLSS studies for poor households was 0.43% (CI=0.33, 0.53) and 0.47% (CI=0.41, 0.54) lower, respectively, than for nonpoor households (P<0.0001). Inequalities compared to the nonpoor were also found in both quantity and quality of food consumption. For example, poor households consumed (quantity) 127 kcal/day (CI=119, 135) less from meat, and 32 kcal/day (CI=27, 38) less from fats than nonpoor households (P<0.0001), and the proportion of calories consumed (quality) by poor households was 5.8% (CI=5.4, 6.1) less from meat and 0.96% (CI=1.2, 0.7) less from fats than by nonpoor households (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Although the key vulnerable groups 3/4 rural, poor, and minority populations 3/4 showed improvements in diet, there still remains an inequity between these groups and the nonpoor of the population. In particular, the vulnerable groups consumed less of their daily consumption from the desirable high-quality proteins of animal foods and fats, and more from cereals and other starches 3/4 lagging the better-off populations in desired composition. Sponsorship: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] To identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor, rural, and ethnic minority) as it did to the nonpoor-largely in the urban areas. This study used cross-sectional analyses in the context of inequalities occurring in the diets of the poor and nonpoor that accompanied economic improvements during the Vietnam Doi Moi period. During the Doi Moi period in Vietnam. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data using 23,839 individuals (4800 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) in 1992-1993 and 28,509 individuals (6,002 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey in 1997-1998. Analysis for changes in food consumption was conducted on 17,763 individuals (4,305 households) that were included in both surveys. None. After initiation of Doi Moi in 1986, the average Vietnamese person reached the dietary adequacy of 2,100 kcal per day per capita in the early 1990s, but this did not improve during the next decade. The structure of diet shifted to less starchy staples while proteins and lipids (meat, fish, other protein-rich higher fat foods) increased significantly. Although the gap in nutrient intake between the poor and the nonpoor decreased, the proportion of calories from protein- and lipid-rich food for the poor is lower than for the nonpoor. The VLSS data showed that the increase of protein and lipid foods in total energy structure over the 5 y between the VLSS studies for poor households was 0.43% (CI=0.33, 0.53) and 0.47% (CI=0.41, 0.54) lower, respectively, than for nonpoor households (P<0.0001). Inequalities compared to the nonpoor were also found in both quantity and quality of food consumption. For example, poor households consumed (quantity) 127 kcal/day (CI=119, 135) less from meat, and 32 kcal/day (CI=27, 38) less from fats than nonpoor households (P<0.0001), and the proportion of calories consumed (quality) by poor households was 5.8% (CI=5.4, 6.1) less from meat and 0.96% (CI=1.2, 0.7) less from fats than by nonpoor households (P<0.0001). Although the key vulnerable groups-rural, poor, and minority populations-showed improvements in diet, there still remains an inequity between these groups and the nonpoor of the population. In particular, the vulnerable groups consumed less of their daily consumption from the desirable high-quality proteins of animal foods and fats, and more from cereals and other starches-lagging the better-off populations in desired composition. Objective: To identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor, rural, and ethnic minority) as it did to the nonpoor-largely in the urban areas. Design: This study used cross-sectional analyses in the context of inequalities occurring in the diets of the poor and nonpoor that accompanied economic improvements during the Vietnam Doi Moi period. Setting: During the Doi Moi period in Vietnam. Subjects: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data using 23 839 individuals (4800 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) in 1992-1993 and 28 509 individuals (6002 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey in 1997-1998. Analysis for changes in food consumption was conducted on 17 763 individuals (4305 households) that were included in both surveys. Intervention: None. Results: After initiation of Doi Moi in 1986, the average Vietnamese person reached the dietary adequacy of 2100 kcal per day per capita in the early 1990s, but this did not improve during the next decade. The structure of diet shifted to less starchy staples while proteins and lipids (meat, fish, other protein-rich higher fat foods) increased significantly. Although the gap in nutrient intake between the poor and the nonpoor decreased, the proportion of calories from protein- and lipid-rich food for the poor is lower than for the nonpoor. The VLSS data showed that the increase of protein and lipid foods in total energy structure over the 5 y between the VLSS studies for poor households was 0.43% (CI=0.33, 0.53) and 0.47% (CI=0.41, 0.54) lower, respectively, than for nonpoor households (P<0.0001). Inequalities compared to the nonpoor were also found in both quantity and quality of food consumption. For example, poor households consumed (quantity) 127 kcal/day (CI=119, 135) less from meat, and 32 kcal/day (CI=27, 38) less from fats than nonpoor households (P<0.0001), and the proportion of calories consumed (quality) by poor households was 5.8% (CI=5.4, 6.1) less from meat and 0.96% (CI=1.2, 0.7) less from fats than by nonpoor households (P<0.0001). Conclusions: Although the key vulnerable groups-rural, poor, and minority populations-showed improvements in diet, there still remains an inequity between these groups and the nonpoor of the population. In particular, the vulnerable groups consumed less of their daily consumption from the desirable high-quality proteins of animal foods and fats, and more from cereals and other starches-lagging the better-off populations in desired composition. Objective : To identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor, rural, and ethnic minority) as it did to the nonpoor—largely in the urban areas. Design : This study used cross-sectional analyses in the context of inequalities occurring in the diets of the poor and nonpoor that accompanied economic improvements during the Vietnam Doi Moi period. Setting : During the Doi Moi period in Vietnam. Subjects : A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data using 23 839 individuals (4800 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) in 1992–1993 and 28 509 individuals (6002 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey in 1997–1998. Analysis for changes in food consumption was conducted on 17 763 individuals (4305 households) that were included in both surveys. Interventions : None. Results : After initiation of Doi Moi in 1986, the average Vietnamese person reached the dietary adequacy of 2100 kcal per day per capita in the early 1990s, but this did not improve during the next decade. The structure of diet shifted to less starchy staples while proteins and lipids (meat, fish, other protein-rich higher fat foods) increased significantly. Although the gap in nutrient intake between the poor and the nonpoor decreased, the proportion of calories from protein- and lipid-rich food for the poor is lower than for the nonpoor. The VLSS data showed that the increase of protein and lipid foods in total energy structure over the 5 y between the VLSS studies for poor households was 0.43% (CI=0.33, 0.53) and 0.47% (CI=0.41, 0.54) lower, respectively, than for nonpoor households ( P <0.0001). Inequalities compared to the nonpoor were also found in both quantity and quality of food consumption . For example, poor households consumed (quantity) 127 kcal/day (CI=119, 135) less from meat, and 32 kcal/day (CI=27, 38) less from fats than nonpoor households ( P <0.0001), and the proportion of calories consumed (quality) by poor households was 5.8% (CI=5.4, 6.1) less from meat and 0.96% (CI=1.2, 0.7) less from fats than by nonpoor households ( P <0.0001). Conclusions : Although the key vulnerable groups—rural, poor, and minority populations—showed improvements in diet, there still remains an inequity between these groups and the nonpoor of the population. In particular, the vulnerable groups consumed less of their daily consumption from the desirable high-quality proteins of animal foods and fats, and more from cereals and other starches—lagging the better-off populations in desired composition. Sponsorship : Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA. To identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor, rural, and ethnic minority) as it did to the nonpoor-largely in the urban areas.OBJECTIVETo identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor, rural, and ethnic minority) as it did to the nonpoor-largely in the urban areas.This study used cross-sectional analyses in the context of inequalities occurring in the diets of the poor and nonpoor that accompanied economic improvements during the Vietnam Doi Moi period.DESIGNThis study used cross-sectional analyses in the context of inequalities occurring in the diets of the poor and nonpoor that accompanied economic improvements during the Vietnam Doi Moi period.During the Doi Moi period in Vietnam.SETTINGDuring the Doi Moi period in Vietnam.A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data using 23,839 individuals (4800 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) in 1992-1993 and 28,509 individuals (6,002 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey in 1997-1998. Analysis for changes in food consumption was conducted on 17,763 individuals (4,305 households) that were included in both surveys.SUBJECTSA cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data using 23,839 individuals (4800 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) in 1992-1993 and 28,509 individuals (6,002 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey in 1997-1998. Analysis for changes in food consumption was conducted on 17,763 individuals (4,305 households) that were included in both surveys.None.INTERVENTIONNone.After initiation of Doi Moi in 1986, the average Vietnamese person reached the dietary adequacy of 2,100 kcal per day per capita in the early 1990s, but this did not improve during the next decade. The structure of diet shifted to less starchy staples while proteins and lipids (meat, fish, other protein-rich higher fat foods) increased significantly. Although the gap in nutrient intake between the poor and the nonpoor decreased, the proportion of calories from protein- and lipid-rich food for the poor is lower than for the nonpoor. The VLSS data showed that the increase of protein and lipid foods in total energy structure over the 5 y between the VLSS studies for poor households was 0.43% (CI=0.33, 0.53) and 0.47% (CI=0.41, 0.54) lower, respectively, than for nonpoor households (P<0.0001). Inequalities compared to the nonpoor were also found in both quantity and quality of food consumption. For example, poor households consumed (quantity) 127 kcal/day (CI=119, 135) less from meat, and 32 kcal/day (CI=27, 38) less from fats than nonpoor households (P<0.0001), and the proportion of calories consumed (quality) by poor households was 5.8% (CI=5.4, 6.1) less from meat and 0.96% (CI=1.2, 0.7) less from fats than by nonpoor households (P<0.0001).RESULTSAfter initiation of Doi Moi in 1986, the average Vietnamese person reached the dietary adequacy of 2,100 kcal per day per capita in the early 1990s, but this did not improve during the next decade. The structure of diet shifted to less starchy staples while proteins and lipids (meat, fish, other protein-rich higher fat foods) increased significantly. Although the gap in nutrient intake between the poor and the nonpoor decreased, the proportion of calories from protein- and lipid-rich food for the poor is lower than for the nonpoor. The VLSS data showed that the increase of protein and lipid foods in total energy structure over the 5 y between the VLSS studies for poor households was 0.43% (CI=0.33, 0.53) and 0.47% (CI=0.41, 0.54) lower, respectively, than for nonpoor households (P<0.0001). Inequalities compared to the nonpoor were also found in both quantity and quality of food consumption. For example, poor households consumed (quantity) 127 kcal/day (CI=119, 135) less from meat, and 32 kcal/day (CI=27, 38) less from fats than nonpoor households (P<0.0001), and the proportion of calories consumed (quality) by poor households was 5.8% (CI=5.4, 6.1) less from meat and 0.96% (CI=1.2, 0.7) less from fats than by nonpoor households (P<0.0001).Although the key vulnerable groups-rural, poor, and minority populations-showed improvements in diet, there still remains an inequity between these groups and the nonpoor of the population. In particular, the vulnerable groups consumed less of their daily consumption from the desirable high-quality proteins of animal foods and fats, and more from cereals and other starches-lagging the better-off populations in desired composition.CONCLUSIONSAlthough the key vulnerable groups-rural, poor, and minority populations-showed improvements in diet, there still remains an inequity between these groups and the nonpoor of the population. In particular, the vulnerable groups consumed less of their daily consumption from the desirable high-quality proteins of animal foods and fats, and more from cereals and other starches-lagging the better-off populations in desired composition. |
| Audience | Professional Academic |
| Author | Popkin, B.M Thang, N.M |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Thang, N.M – sequence: 2 fullname: Popkin, B.M |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=15674043$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679380$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1046/j.1440-6047.2001.00103.x 10.1596/1813-9450-2776 |
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| Keywords | carbohydrates food consumption inequality lipids Vietnam protein Consumption Human Data analysis Rural environment Household Lipids Standard Urban area Ethnic group Feeding Meat Diet Cross sectional study Minority Animal protein Early Initiation Nutritional status Food |
| Language | English |
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| PublicationTitle | European journal of clinical nutrition |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | Eur J Clin Nutr |
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| References | BM Ogle (BF1601761_CR11) 2001; 10 BF1601761_CR12 BF1601761_CR10 BF1601761_CR3 BF1601761_CR4 P Dasgupta (BF1601761_CR2) 1993 BF1601761_CR5 BF1601761_CR17 BF1601761_CR16 BF1601761_CR15 BF1601761_CR14 J Hunt (BF1601761_CR9) 2001 J Strauss (BF1601761_CR13) 1998; 36 BF1601761_CR6 BF1601761_CR7 BF1601761_CR8 I Bhushan (BF1601761_CR1) 2001 |
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| Snippet | Objective: To identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor,... Objective : To identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor,... To identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor, rural, and... |
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| SubjectTerms | at-risk population Biological and medical sciences Clinical Nutrition Cross-Sectional Studies Diet Diet - standards Dietary Carbohydrates - administration & dosage Dietary Fats - administration & dosage Dietary Proteins - administration & dosage economic development Economic growth Economics energy Energy Intake Epidemiology Ethnic Groups Feeding Behavior Female fish Food Food consumption Food quality grains Growth Households Human physiology applied to population studies and life conditions. Human ecophysiology Humans Internal Medicine Lipids Male Meat Medical sciences Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolic Diseases minorities (people) nutrient intake Nutrients Nutrition Nutrition Surveys Nutritional status Nutritional survey. Food supply and nutritional requirement Nutritive Value original-communication Polls & surveys Poverty Proteins Public Health Rural Population - statistics & numerical data Socioeconomic Factors Surveys Urban areas Urban Population - statistics & numerical data Vietnam |
| Title | Patterns of food consumption in Vietnam: effects on socioeconomic groups during an era of economic growth |
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