Mercury contamination and potential impacts from municipal waste incinerator on Samui Island, Thailand
In recent years, mercury (Hg) pollution generated by municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) has become the subject of serious public concern. On Samui Island, Thailand, a large-scale municipal waste incinerator has been in operation for over 7 years with a capacity of 140 tons/day for meeting the growi...
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| Published in | Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering Vol. 44; no. 4; pp. 376 - 387 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Philadelphia, PA
Taylor & Francis Group
01.03.2009
Taylor & Francis |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1093-4529 1532-4117 |
| DOI | 10.1080/10934520802659745 |
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| Abstract | In recent years, mercury (Hg) pollution generated by municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) has become the subject of serious public concern. On Samui Island, Thailand, a large-scale municipal waste incinerator has been in operation for over 7 years with a capacity of 140 tons/day for meeting the growing demand for municipal waste disposal. This research assessed Hg contamination in environmental matrices adjacent to the waste incinerating plant. Total Hg concentrations were determined in municipal solid waste, soil and sediment within a distance of 100 m to 5 km from the incinerator operation in both wet and dry seasons. Hg analyses conducted in municipal solid waste showed low levels of Hg ranging between 0.15-0.56 mg/kg. The low level was due to the type of waste incinerator. Waste such as electrical appliances, motors and spare parts, rubber tires and hospital wastes are not allowed to feed into the plant. As a result, low Hg levels were also found in fly and bottom ashes (0.1-0.4 mg/kg and ≤0.03 mg/kg, respectively). Stack concentration of Hg were less than 0.4 μg/Nm
3
. Since Hg emissions were at low concentrations, Hg in soil from atmospheric fallout near this incinerator including uptake by local weeds were very low ranging from non detectable to 399 μ g/kg. However, low but elevated levels of Hg (76-275 μ g/kg) were observed in surface soil and deeper layers (0-40 cm) in the predominant downwind direction of incinerator over a distance of between 0.5-5 km. Soil Hg concentrations measured from a reference/background track opposite of the prevailing wind direction were lower ranging between 7-46 μ g/kg. Nevertheless, the trend of Hg build up in soil was clearly seen in the wet season only, suggesting that wet deposition process is a major Hg pollution source. Hg concentrations in the sea bottom sediment collected next to the last station track was small with values between 35-67 μ g/kg. Based upon the overall findings, in terms of current potential environmental risk, the environment has not yet been appreciably contaminated from Hg emissions produced by this incinerator. However the increase of Hg measured in downwind direction of the incinerator should be monitored for future potential risk. |
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| AbstractList | In recent years, mercury (Hg) pollution generated by municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) has become the subject of serious public concern. On Samui Island, Thailand, a large-scale municipal waste incinerator has been in operation for over 7 years with a capacity of 140 tons/day for meeting the growing demand for municipal waste disposal. This research assessed Hg contamination in environmental matrices adjacent to the waste incinerating plant. Total Hg concentrations were determined in municipal solid waste, soil and sediment within a distance of 100 m to 5 km from the incinerator operation in both wet and dry seasons. Hg analyses conducted in municipal solid waste showed low levels of Hg ranging between 0.15-0.56 mg/kg. The low level was due to the type of waste incinerator. Waste such as electrical appliances, motors and spare parts, rubber tires and hospital wastes are not allowed to feed into the plant. As a result, low Hg levels were also found in fly and bottom ashes (0.1-0.4 mg/kg and < =0.03 mg/kg, respectively). Stack concentration of Hg were less than 0.4 is a subset of g/Nm3. Since Hg emissions were at low concentrations, Hg in soil from atmospheric fallout near this incinerator including uptake by local weeds were very low ranging from non detectable to 399 is a subset of g/kg. However, low but elevated levels of Hg (76-275 is a subset of g/kg) were observed in surface soil and deeper layers (0-40 cm) in the predominant downwind direction of incinerator over a distance of between 0.5-5 km. Soil Hg concentrations measured from a reference/background track opposite of the prevailing wind direction were lower ranging between 7-46 is a subset of g/kg. Nevertheless, the trend of Hg build up in soil was clearly seen in the wet season only, suggesting that wet deposition process is a major Hg pollution source. Hg concentrations in the sea bottom sediment collected next to the last station track was small with values between 35-67 is a subset of g/kg. Based upon the overall findings, in terms of current potential environmental risk, the environment has not yet been appreciably contaminated from Hg emissions produced by this incinerator. However the increase of Hg measured in downwind direction of the incinerator should be monitored for future potential risk. In recent years, mercury (Hg) pollution generated by municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) has become the subject of serious public concern. On Samui Island, Thailand, a large-scale municipal waste incinerator has been in operation for over 7 years with a capacity of 140 tons/day for meeting the growing demand for municipal waste disposal. This research assessed Hg contamination in environmental matrices adjacent to the waste incinerating plant. Total Hg concentrations were determined in municipal solid waste, soil and sediment within a distance of 100 m to 5 km from the incinerator operation in both wet and dry seasons. Hg analyses conducted in municipal solid waste showed low levels of Hg ranging between 0.15-0.56 mg/kg. The low level was due to the type of waste incinerator. Waste such as electrical appliances, motors and spare parts, rubber tires and hospital wastes are not allowed to feed into the plant. As a result, low Hg levels were also found in fly and bottom ashes (0.1-0.4 mg/kg and <or=0.03 mg/kg, respectively). Stack concentration of Hg were less than 0.4 microg/Nm(3). Since Hg emissions were at low concentrations, Hg in soil from atmospheric fallout near this incinerator including uptake by local weeds were very low ranging from non detectable to 399 micro g/kg. However, low but elevated levels of Hg (76-275 micro g/kg) were observed in surface soil and deeper layers (0-40 cm) in the predominant downwind direction of incinerator over a distance of between 0.5-5 km. Soil Hg concentrations measured from a reference/background track opposite of the prevailing wind direction were lower ranging between 7-46 micro g/kg. Nevertheless, the trend of Hg build up in soil was clearly seen in the wet season only, suggesting that wet deposition process is a major Hg pollution source. Hg concentrations in the sea bottom sediment collected next to the last station track was small with values between 35-67 micro g/kg. Based upon the overall findings, in terms of current potential environmental risk, the environment has not yet been appreciably contaminated from Hg emissions produced by this incinerator. However the increase of Hg measured in downwind direction of the incinerator should be monitored for future potential risk. In recent years, mercury (Hg) pollution generated by municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) has become the subject of serious public concern. On Samui Island, Thailand, a large-scale municipal waste incinerator has been in operation for over 7 years with a capacity of 140 tons/day for meeting the growing demand for municipal waste disposal. This research assessed Hg contamination in environmental matrices adjacent to the waste incinerating plant. Total Hg concentrations were determined in municipal solid waste, soil and sediment within a distance of 100 m to 5 km from the incinerator operation in both wet and dry seasons. Hg analyses conducted in municipal solid waste showed low levels of Hg ranging between 0.15-0.56 mg/kg. The low level was due to the type of waste incinerator. Waste such as electrical appliances, motors and spare parts, rubber tires and hospital wastes are not allowed to feed into the plant. As a result, low Hg levels were also found in fly and bottom ashes (0.1-0.4 mg/kg and < =0.03 mg/kg, respectively). Stack concentration of Hg were less than 0.4 mug/Nm3. Since Hg emissions were at low concentrations, Hg in soil from atmospheric fallout near this incinerator including uptake by local weeds were very low ranging from non detectable to 399 mu g/kg. However, low but elevated levels of Hg (76-275 mu g/kg) were observed in surface soil and deeper layers (0-40 cm) in the predominant downwind direction of incinerator over a distance of between 0.5-5 km. Soil Hg concentrations measured from a reference/background track opposite of the prevailing wind direction were lower ranging between 7-46 mu g/kg. Nevertheless, the trend of Hg build up in soil was clearly seen in the wet season only, suggesting that wet deposition process is a major Hg pollution source. Hg concentrations in the sea bottom sediment collected next to the last station track was small with values between 35-67 mu g/kg. Based upon the overall findings, in terms of current potential environmental risk, the environment has not yet been appreciably contaminated from Hg emissions produced by this incinerator. However the increase of Hg measured in downwind direction of the incinerator should be monitored for future potential risk. The potential mercury (Hg) pollution from incinerator to the surrounding environment including soil, water, sediment and vegetation is discussed. The total Hg concentration of oil samples is determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Mercury in precipitation under natural conditions, as expected, is quite low with levels in ng/L concentration range. Concentrations are higher in urban areas as compared to rural or remote areas due mainly to sources of Hg emissions from transportation, industry and utilities. Low Hg level is detected from rain water at the site with the values between 9-12 ng/L. It is found that surface soil of the fly ash landfill has slightly higher Hg contamination over a soil at solid waste pile. In recent years, mercury (Hg) pollution generated by municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) has become the subject of serious public concern. On Samui Island, Thailand, a large-scale municipal waste incinerator has been in operation for over 7 years with a capacity of 140 tons/day for meeting the growing demand for municipal waste disposal. This research assessed Hg contamination in environmental matrices adjacent to the waste incinerating plant. Total Hg concentrations were determined in municipal solid waste, soil and sediment within a distance of 100 m to 5 km from the incinerator operation in both wet and dry seasons. Hg analyses conducted in municipal solid waste showed low levels of Hg ranging between 0.15-0.56 mg/kg. The low level was due to the type of waste incinerator. Waste such as electrical appliances, motors and spare parts, rubber tires and hospital wastes are not allowed to feed into the plant. As a result, low Hg levels were also found in fly and bottom ashes (0.1-0.4 mg/kg and <=0.03 mg/kg, respectively). Stack concentration of Hg were less than 0.4 mg/Nm3. Since Hg emissions were at low concentrations, Hg in soil from atmospheric fallout near this incinerator including uptake by local weeds were very low ranging from non detectable to 399 m g/kg. However, low but elevated levels of Hg (76-275 m g/kg) were observed in surface soil and deeper layers (0-40 cm) in the predominant downwind direction of incinerator over a distance of between 0.5-5 km. Soil Hg concentrations measured from a reference/background track opposite of the prevailing wind direction were lower ranging between 7-46 m g/kg. Nevertheless, the trend of Hg build up in soil was clearly seen in the wet season only, suggesting that wet deposition process is a major Hg pollution source. Hg concentrations in the sea bottom sediment collected next to the last station track was small with values between 35-67 m g/kg. Based upon the overall findings, in terms of current potential environmental risk, the environment has not yet been appreciably contaminated from Hg emissions produced by this incinerator. However the increase of Hg measured in downwind direction of the incinerator should be monitored for future potential risk. In recent years, mercury (Hg) pollution generated by municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) has become the subject of serious public concern. On Samui Island, Thailand, a large-scale municipal waste incinerator has been in operation for over 7 years with a capacity of 140 tons/day for meeting the growing demand for municipal waste disposal. This research assessed Hg contamination in environmental matrices adjacent to the waste incinerating plant. Total Hg concentrations were determined in municipal solid waste, soil and sediment within a distance of 100 m to 5 km from the incinerator operation in both wet and dry seasons. Hg analyses conducted in municipal solid waste showed low levels of Hg ranging between 0.15-0.56 mg/kg. The low level was due to the type of waste incinerator. Waste such as electrical appliances, motors and spare parts, rubber tires and hospital wastes are not allowed to feed into the plant. As a result, low Hg levels were also found in fly and bottom ashes (0.1-0.4 mg/kg and ≤0.03 mg/kg, respectively). Stack concentration of Hg were less than 0.4 μg/Nm 3 . Since Hg emissions were at low concentrations, Hg in soil from atmospheric fallout near this incinerator including uptake by local weeds were very low ranging from non detectable to 399 μ g/kg. However, low but elevated levels of Hg (76-275 μ g/kg) were observed in surface soil and deeper layers (0-40 cm) in the predominant downwind direction of incinerator over a distance of between 0.5-5 km. Soil Hg concentrations measured from a reference/background track opposite of the prevailing wind direction were lower ranging between 7-46 μ g/kg. Nevertheless, the trend of Hg build up in soil was clearly seen in the wet season only, suggesting that wet deposition process is a major Hg pollution source. Hg concentrations in the sea bottom sediment collected next to the last station track was small with values between 35-67 μ g/kg. Based upon the overall findings, in terms of current potential environmental risk, the environment has not yet been appreciably contaminated from Hg emissions produced by this incinerator. However the increase of Hg measured in downwind direction of the incinerator should be monitored for future potential risk. In recent years, mercury (Hg) pollution generated by municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) has become the subject of serious public concern. On Samui Island, Thailand, a large-scale municipal waste incinerator has been in operation for over 7 years with a capacity of 140 tons/day for meeting the growing demand for municipal waste disposal. This research assessed Hg contamination in environmental matrices adjacent to the waste incinerating plant. Total Hg concentrations were determined in municipal solid waste, soil and sediment within a distance of 100 m to 5 km from the incinerator operation in both wet and dry seasons. Hg analyses conducted in municipal solid waste showed low levels of Hg ranging between 0.15-0.56 mg/kg. The low level was due to the type of waste incinerator. Waste such as electrical appliances, motors and spare parts, rubber tires and hospital wastes are not allowed to feed into the plant. As a result, low Hg levels were also found in fly and bottom ashes (0.1-0.4 mg/kg and <or=0.03 mg/kg, respectively). Stack concentration of Hg were less than 0.4 microg/Nm(3). Since Hg emissions were at low concentrations, Hg in soil from atmospheric fallout near this incinerator including uptake by local weeds were very low ranging from non detectable to 399 micro g/kg. However, low but elevated levels of Hg (76-275 micro g/kg) were observed in surface soil and deeper layers (0-40 cm) in the predominant downwind direction of incinerator over a distance of between 0.5-5 km. Soil Hg concentrations measured from a reference/background track opposite of the prevailing wind direction were lower ranging between 7-46 micro g/kg. Nevertheless, the trend of Hg build up in soil was clearly seen in the wet season only, suggesting that wet deposition process is a major Hg pollution source. Hg concentrations in the sea bottom sediment collected next to the last station track was small with values between 35-67 micro g/kg. Based upon the overall findings, in terms of current potential environmental risk, the environment has not yet been appreciably contaminated from Hg emissions produced by this incinerator. However the increase of Hg measured in downwind direction of the incinerator should be monitored for future potential risk.In recent years, mercury (Hg) pollution generated by municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) has become the subject of serious public concern. On Samui Island, Thailand, a large-scale municipal waste incinerator has been in operation for over 7 years with a capacity of 140 tons/day for meeting the growing demand for municipal waste disposal. This research assessed Hg contamination in environmental matrices adjacent to the waste incinerating plant. Total Hg concentrations were determined in municipal solid waste, soil and sediment within a distance of 100 m to 5 km from the incinerator operation in both wet and dry seasons. Hg analyses conducted in municipal solid waste showed low levels of Hg ranging between 0.15-0.56 mg/kg. The low level was due to the type of waste incinerator. Waste such as electrical appliances, motors and spare parts, rubber tires and hospital wastes are not allowed to feed into the plant. As a result, low Hg levels were also found in fly and bottom ashes (0.1-0.4 mg/kg and <or=0.03 mg/kg, respectively). Stack concentration of Hg were less than 0.4 microg/Nm(3). Since Hg emissions were at low concentrations, Hg in soil from atmospheric fallout near this incinerator including uptake by local weeds were very low ranging from non detectable to 399 micro g/kg. However, low but elevated levels of Hg (76-275 micro g/kg) were observed in surface soil and deeper layers (0-40 cm) in the predominant downwind direction of incinerator over a distance of between 0.5-5 km. Soil Hg concentrations measured from a reference/background track opposite of the prevailing wind direction were lower ranging between 7-46 micro g/kg. Nevertheless, the trend of Hg build up in soil was clearly seen in the wet season only, suggesting that wet deposition process is a major Hg pollution source. Hg concentrations in the sea bottom sediment collected next to the last station track was small with values between 35-67 micro g/kg. Based upon the overall findings, in terms of current potential environmental risk, the environment has not yet been appreciably contaminated from Hg emissions produced by this incinerator. However the increase of Hg measured in downwind direction of the incinerator should be monitored for future potential risk. |
| Author | Limpaseni, Wongpun Muenhor, Dudsadee Satayavivad, Jutamaad Parkpian, Preeda Jugsujinda, Aroon Gambrell, R. P. Delaune, R. D. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Dudsadee surname: Muenhor fullname: Muenhor, Dudsadee organization: Post-Graduate Education in Environmental Toxicology, Technology and Management , Inter-University Program between Chulabhorn Research Institute, Asian Institute of Technology, and Mahidol University – sequence: 2 givenname: Jutamaad surname: Satayavivad fullname: Satayavivad, Jutamaad organization: Laboratory of Pharmacology , Chulabhorn Research Institute – sequence: 3 givenname: Wongpun surname: Limpaseni fullname: Limpaseni, Wongpun organization: Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Chulalongkorn University – sequence: 4 givenname: Preeda surname: Parkpian fullname: Parkpian, Preeda organization: Environmental Engineering and Management , Asian Institute of Technology – sequence: 5 givenname: R. D. surname: Delaune fullname: Delaune, R. D. organization: Wetland Biogeochemistry, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, School of Coast and Environment , Louisiana State University – sequence: 6 givenname: R. P. surname: Gambrell fullname: Gambrell, R. P. organization: Wetland Biogeochemistry, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, School of Coast and Environment , Louisiana State University – sequence: 7 givenname: Aroon surname: Jugsujinda fullname: Jugsujinda, Aroon organization: Wetland Biogeochemistry, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, School of Coast and Environment , Louisiana State University |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1080_10934520903213210 crossref_primary_10_1155_2019_5710834 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12665_011_0918_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_wasman_2012_10_015 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envint_2009_09_006 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11356_017_0005_3 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1177/0734242X0202000107 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00277-6 10.1007/978-1-4615-2369-7 10.1021/es0033988 10.1021/es040408m 10.1177/0734242X05051195 10.1177/0734242X0302100305 10.1080/10934520701626985 10.1080/10934520701418573 10.1177/0734242X8900700107 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00884-1 10.1080/10643389609388485 10.1177/0734242X9901700208 10.1016/S0956-053X(96)00093-1 10.1023/B:WATE.0000036824.07207.16 10.1177/0734242X8600400107 10.1177/0734242X0101900603 10.1016/0921-3449(96)01070-1 10.1177/0734242X8600400112 10.1007/BF00342260 10.1007/BF02987308 10.1177/0734242X8600400104 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.095 10.1016/0021-8502(96)00079-1 10.1093/bmb/ldg034 10.1177/0734242X8600400109 10.1136/oem.60.8.563 10.1021/es0627186 10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.024 10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.022 10.1177/0734242X07074046 10.1021/es991078m 10.1177/0734242X06062580 10.1021/es9903678 10.1016/S0304-3894(97)00002-2 10.1177/0734242X0202000610 10.1007/s10872-006-0096-9 10.1007/BF00342256 10.1177/0734242X8600400106 10.1021/es970284w 10.1007/BF00342294 |
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| Keywords | Atmospheric condition Hospital waste Atmospheric fallout Municipal waste incinerator Urban waste Hg accumulation in soil Wet deposition Sediments Waste disposal Pollutant emission Uptake Contamination Tyre Incineration plant Pollution Surveillance Hg emission and impacts Trend analysis Pollution source Vegetation Solid waste sea sediment and vegetation Electric motor Mercury |
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| PublicationTitle | Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering |
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| References_xml | – ident: CIT0015 – volume-title: Seminar Report: Strategies of solid waste management in Thailand year: 2004 ident: CIT0046 – ident: CIT0002 doi: 10.1177/0734242X0202000107 – ident: CIT0021 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00277-6 – ident: CIT0004 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2369-7 – ident: CIT0008 doi: 10.1021/es0033988 – ident: CIT0005 doi: 10.1021/es040408m – ident: CIT0057 doi: 10.1177/0734242X05051195 – volume-title: Global Mercury Assessment year: 2002 ident: CIT0029 – volume-title: Heavy metals and other contaminants in bottom ash and fly ash generated by incinerators at Phuket and Samui Island, Thailand year: 2000 ident: CIT0070 – ident: CIT0006 doi: 10.1177/0734242X0302100305 – volume-title: Bangkok State of the Environment 2003 year: 2003 ident: CIT0040 – volume-title: Fate and transport and ecological effects of mercury year: 2007 ident: CIT0013 – ident: CIT0066 doi: 10.1080/10934520701626985 – ident: CIT0067 doi: 10.1080/10934520701418573 – volume: 7 start-page: 57 year: 1989 ident: CIT0053 publication-title: Waste Mgmt. 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| Snippet | In recent years, mercury (Hg) pollution generated by municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) has become the subject of serious public concern. On Samui Island,... The potential mercury (Hg) pollution from incinerator to the surrounding environment including soil, water, sediment and vegetation is discussed. The total Hg... |
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| SubjectTerms | Applied sciences Environmental Pollutants - analysis Environmental Pollutants - toxicity Exact sciences and technology General treatment and storage processes Hg accumulation in soil Hg emission and impacts Humans Incineration Mercury - analysis Mercury - toxicity Municipal waste incinerator Pollution Refuse Disposal - instrumentation Risk Assessment sea sediment and vegetation Thailand Urban and domestic wastes Wastes |
| Title | Mercury contamination and potential impacts from municipal waste incinerator on Samui Island, Thailand |
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