Lactic Acid Salts of Nicotine Potentiate the Transfer of Toxic Metals into Electronic Cigarette Aerosols

• Published in: Toxics (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 65
• Main Authors: Pappas, R Steven, Gray, Naudia, Halstead, Mary, Watson, Clifford H
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.01.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: aerosol; Aerosols; Analysis; Benzoic acid; Cadmium; Calibration; Chemical properties; Chromium; Composition; Constituents; Copper; Devices; Electronic cigarettes; Exposure; Glycerol; Health aspects; Heavy metals; Hydrochloric acid; Inductively coupled plasma; Influence; Lactic acid; Lead; Levulinic acid; Ligands; Liquids; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Metal concentrations; Metals; Microscopy; Nickel; Nicotine; Organic acids; Quality control; Scanning electron microscopy; Software; Structure; Testing; Tin; Toxicity testing; Vaping; Zinc; United States; United States > US; lactic acid; nicotine; ENDS; metals; vaping; benzoic acid; e-cigarettes; aerosol
• DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010065
• ISSN: 2305-6304

The designs and liquid formulations of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) devices continue to rapidly evolve. Thus, it is important to monitor and characterize ENDS aerosols for changes in toxic constituents. Many ENDS liquid formulations now include the addition of organic acids in a 1 to 1 molar ratio with nicotine. Metal concentrations in aerosols produced by ENDS devices with different nicotine salt formulations were analyzed. Aerosols from devices containing lactic acid had higher nickel, zinc, copper, and chromium concentrations than aerosols produced by devices containing benzoic acid or levulinic acid. Our scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray analytical findings showed that the metals determined in the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analytical results were consistent with the metal compositions of the ENDS device components that were exposed to the liquids and that nickel is a major constituent in many ENDS internal components. As a result of the exposure of the nickel-containing components to the ENDS liquids, resulting aerosol nickel concentrations per puff were higher from devices that contained lactic acid in comparison to devices with benzoic or levulinic acid. The aerosol nickel concentrations in 10 puffs from ENDS-containing lactic acid were, in some cases, hundreds of times higher than cigarette mainstream smoke nickel deliveries. Thus, the design of an ENDS device in terms of both physical construction components and the liquid chemical formulations could directly impact potential exposures to toxic constituents such as metals.