Breaking conversational rules matters to captive gorillas: A playback experiment

Across human cultures, conversations are regulated by temporal and social rules. The universality of conversational rules suggests possible biological bases and encourages comparisons with the communicative interactions of nonhuman animals. Unexpectedly, few studies have focused on other great apes...

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Published in	Scientific reports Vol. 10; no. 1; p. 6947
Main Authors	Pougnault, Loïc, Levréro, Florence, Mulot, Baptiste, Lemasson, Alban
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	London Nature Publishing Group UK 24.04.2020 Nature Publishing Group
Subjects	631/181 631/601 Age Animal behavior Animal biology Animal Communication Animals Cognitive science Cognitive Sciences Experiments Female Gorilla gorilla - physiology Humanities and Social Sciences Life Sciences Male multidisciplinary Neurons and Cognition Neuroscience Playback Primates Psychology and behavior Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sex Factors Social Behavior Verbal communication Vertebrate Zoology
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Abstract	Across human cultures, conversations are regulated by temporal and social rules. The universality of conversational rules suggests possible biological bases and encourages comparisons with the communicative interactions of nonhuman animals. Unexpectedly, few studies have focused on other great apes despite evidence of proto-conversational rules in monkeys, thus preventing researchers from drawing conclusions on potential evolutionary origins of this behaviour. A previous study showed however that western lowland gorillas engage in soft call interactions that seem temporally- and socially-ruled. Indeed, interactions occurred mainly between individuals close in age who followed a preset response delay, thus preventing call overlap. Here, we experimentally investigated the presence of these rules in a captive gorilla group, using a violation-of-expectation paradigm. Head orientation responses suggest that the respect of response delay matters to subjects, but the importance of the interlocutors’ age proximity appeared less clear. The intensity of the response varied with subjects’ age in a context-dependent way, supporting a possible role of learning. Our findings support the growing number of studies highlighting the importance of vocal turn-taking in animals and a possible sociogenesis of this ability. The capacity to “converse” might have been a key step in the co-evolution of communication and complex sociality.
AbstractList	Across human cultures, conversations are regulated by temporal and social rules. The universality of conversational rules suggests possible biological bases and encourages comparisons with the communicative interactions of nonhuman animals. Unexpectedly, few studies have focused on other great apes despite evidence of proto-conversational rules in monkeys, thus preventing researchers from drawing conclusions on potential evolutionary origins of this behaviour. A previous study showed however that western lowland gorillas engage in soft call interactions that seem temporally- and socially-ruled. Indeed, interactions occurred mainly between individuals close in age who followed a preset response delay, thus preventing call overlap. Here, we experimentally investigated the presence of these rules in a captive gorilla group, using a violation-of-expectation paradigm. Head orientation responses suggest that the respect of response delay matters to subjects, but the importance of the interlocutors’ age proximity appeared less clear. The intensity of the response varied with subjects’ age in a context-dependent way, supporting a possible role of learning. Our findings support the growing number of studies highlighting the importance of vocal turn-taking in animals and a possible sociogenesis of this ability. The capacity to “converse” might have been a key step in the co-evolution of communication and complex sociality. Across human cultures, conversations are regulated by temporal and social rules. The universality of conversational rules suggests possible biological bases and encourages comparisons with the communicative interactions of nonhuman animals. Unexpectedly, few studies have focused on other great apes despite evidence of proto-conversational rules in monkeys, thus preventing researchers from drawing conclusions on potential evolutionary origins of this behaviour. A previous study showed however that western lowland gorillas engage in soft call interactions that seem temporally- and socially-ruled. Indeed, interactions occurred mainly between individuals close in age who followed a preset response delay, thus preventing call overlap. Here, we experimentally investigated the presence of these rules in a captive gorilla group, using a violation-of-expectation paradigm. Head orientation responses suggest that the respect of response delay matters to subjects, but the importance of the interlocutors' age proximity appeared less clear. The intensity of the response varied with subjects' age in a context-dependent way, supporting a possible role of learning. Our findings support the growing number of studies highlighting the importance of vocal turn-taking in animals and a possible sociogenesis of this ability. The capacity to "converse" might have been a key step in the co-evolution of communication and complex sociality.Across human cultures, conversations are regulated by temporal and social rules. The universality of conversational rules suggests possible biological bases and encourages comparisons with the communicative interactions of nonhuman animals. Unexpectedly, few studies have focused on other great apes despite evidence of proto-conversational rules in monkeys, thus preventing researchers from drawing conclusions on potential evolutionary origins of this behaviour. A previous study showed however that western lowland gorillas engage in soft call interactions that seem temporally- and socially-ruled. Indeed, interactions occurred mainly between individuals close in age who followed a preset response delay, thus preventing call overlap. Here, we experimentally investigated the presence of these rules in a captive gorilla group, using a violation-of-expectation paradigm. Head orientation responses suggest that the respect of response delay matters to subjects, but the importance of the interlocutors' age proximity appeared less clear. The intensity of the response varied with subjects' age in a context-dependent way, supporting a possible role of learning. Our findings support the growing number of studies highlighting the importance of vocal turn-taking in animals and a possible sociogenesis of this ability. The capacity to "converse" might have been a key step in the co-evolution of communication and complex sociality. Across human cultures, conversations are regulated by temporal and social rules. The universality of conversational rules suggests possible biological bases and encourages comparisons with the communicative interactions of nonhuman animals. Unexpectedly, few studies have focused on other great apes despite evidence of proto-conversational rules in monkeys, thus preventing researchers from drawing conclusions on potential evolutionary origins of this behaviour. A previous study showed however that western lowland gorillas engage in soft call interactions that seem temporally-and socially-ruled. Indeed, interactions occurred mainly between individuals close in age who followed a preset response delay, thus preventing call overlap. Here, we experimentally investigated the presence of these rules in a captive gorilla group, using a violation-of-expectation paradigm. Head orientation responses suggest that the respect of response delay matters to subjects, but the importance of the interlocutors' age proximity appeared less clear. The intensity of the response varied with subjects' age in a context-dependent way, supporting a possible role of learning. Our findings support the growing number of studies highlighting the importance of vocal turn-taking in animals and a possible sociogenesis of this ability. The capacity to "converse" might have been a key step in the co-evolution of communication and complex sociality. Despite the diversity of human cultures, some basic conversational rules are respected in all societies and thus appear universal 1. These features are gathered in a so-called "contract of communication" that conversing interlocutors informally agree on 2. The contract takes into account "context relevance" (i.e. the evaluation of the context as pertinent or not to initiate a conversation), "reciprocity" (i.e. the evaluation of both partners as valid interlocutors), and "contract-based temporal rules" (i.e. the respect of a reciprocal exchange of alternating, short, and flexible turns between two or more interlocutors 3 , and speech overlap avoidance). Several authors have questioned the possible biological bases of these conversational rules and have, for several decades, conducted cross-species comparisons to understand their origin and role across animal communication systems 4-7. To facilitate cross species investigations, authors typically distinguish "conversation-like vocal exchanges" from other vocal patterns like isolated calling (one call emitted and no other calls can be heard around, e.g. in red-capped mangabeys Cercocebus torquatus 8), repeated calling (the same caller calls several times in a row, e.g. in Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata 9), disorganized phonoresponses (one individual produces a call, typically an alarm call that triggers calls in an apparent chaotic way from the other group members, e.g. in blue monkeys Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni 10), chorusing (two or more individuals overlap their emission of a given call type, e.g. in chimpanzees Pan troglodytes 11) and duetting (two individuals synchronise long series of calls or songs with stereotyped temporal association: e.g. in birds 12-14 , and gibbons Hylobates syndactylus 15). "Conversation-like vocal exchanges" are distinguished from the other types of vocal interactions because of their following specific features. First, they involve a diversity of recurrent vocal partners (which differs from duets). Second, interlocutors are typically familiar individuals belonging to a given social group and can be of any age or either sex (which differs from synchronized signalling 16-20). Third, "conversation-like vocal exchanges" are not restricted to a specific context, which differs from-usually long-distance-collective communication associated with mate attraction, territory protection and environmental disturbance 21 , and time of the day or year (excluding morning choruses and reproductive signals 22,23). Most commonly, these "conversation-like vocal exchanges" are observed
ArticleNumber	6947
Author	Pougnault, Loïc Lemasson, Alban Levréro, Florence Mulot, Baptiste
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Loïc surname: Pougnault fullname: Pougnault, Loïc email: loic.pougnault@univ-rennes1.fr organization: Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine) - UMR 6552, Université de Lyon/Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Equipe Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle, ENES/CRNL, UMR5292, INSERM UMR_S 1028, ZooParc de Beauval & Beauval Nature – sequence: 2 givenname: Florence surname: Levréro fullname: Levréro, Florence organization: Université de Lyon/Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Equipe Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle, ENES/CRNL, UMR5292, INSERM UMR_S 1028 – sequence: 3 givenname: Baptiste surname: Mulot fullname: Mulot, Baptiste organization: ZooParc de Beauval & Beauval Nature – sequence: 4 givenname: Alban surname: Lemasson fullname: Lemasson, Alban organization: Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine) - UMR 6552
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CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tics_2023_09_003 crossref_primary_10_1111_jtsb_12295 crossref_primary_10_3389_fevo_2022_987253 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10764_021_00262_y crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0310857 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10071_021_01543_y crossref_primary_10_1080_03949370_2022_2044387 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00114_023_01830_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cobeha_2022_101141 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_evolhumbehav_2025_106671 crossref_primary_10_1111_brv_12821 crossref_primary_10_1111_2041_210X_13939
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Snippet	Across human cultures, conversations are regulated by temporal and social rules. The universality of conversational rules suggests possible biological bases...
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SubjectTerms	631/181 631/601 Age Animal behavior Animal biology Animal Communication Animals Cognitive science Cognitive Sciences Experiments Female Gorilla gorilla - physiology Humanities and Social Sciences Life Sciences Male multidisciplinary Neurons and Cognition Neuroscience Playback Primates Psychology and behavior Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sex Factors Social Behavior Verbal communication Vertebrate Zoology
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Title	Breaking conversational rules matters to captive gorillas: A playback experiment
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