A Longitudinal Study of Hematology and Stress Biomarker Profiles in Young Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus) in Relation to Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) in Thailand

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is a virulent disease that causes severe hemorrhage and sudden death in Asian elephant calves. A change in hematology profiles is one indicator of infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baseline...

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Published inAnimals (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 9; p. 2530
Main Authors Boonprasert, Khajohnpat, Yun, Yaoprapa, Kosaruk, Worapong, Towiboon, Patcharapa, Tankaew, Pallop, Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak, Janyamathakul, Thittaya, Muanghong, Panida, Brown, Janine L., Thitaram, Chatchote, Somgird, Chaleamchat
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 28.08.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Age
Antibodies
Asian elephant
Biomarkers
Blood
calves
cortisol
death
elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus
Elephantid betaherpesvirus 1
Elephants
Elephas maximus
Feces
Genetic testing
Genomes
glucocorticoids
Hematology
hematology parameters
hemorrhage
Hormones
immunoglobulin A
Infections
Longitudinal studies
Medical prognosis
metabolites
Physiology
stress indicators
stress response
Thailand
thrombocytopenia
Veterinary medicine
viremia
virulence
Weaning
Thailand
Germany
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2076-2615
2076-2615
DOI10.3390/ani11092530

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Abstract Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is a virulent disease that causes severe hemorrhage and sudden death in Asian elephant calves. A change in hematology profiles is one indicator of infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baselines and age-matched reference values are needed. Stress has been speculated to be a factor in clinical EEHV cases, but relationships have not been demonstrated empirically. This study evaluated blood hematology and several stress response markers—salivary cortisol, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM), salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and fecal IgA (FIgA) in samples collected for 1 year from three healthy calves with no EEHV history (non-EEHV), and six that had previously been infected, developed clinical signs and survived (prior-EEHV). Hematology values between non-EEHV and prior-EEHV elephants were not different and within published reference ranges. Concentrations of salivary cortisol, FGM, SIgA, and FIgA also were variable and showed seasonal differences, but no relationships to prior EEHV status. One of the prior EEHV calves became re-infected, developed hemorrhagic disease (HD), and died during the study period. That calf exhibited lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Additionally, all stress biomarker concentrations were lower in the 12 days before viremia was observed. Thus, as in other studies, changes in hematology occur with EEHV infection, while preliminary data in one calf suggests that stress-response measures might also be informative and should be studied further.
AbstractList Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is a virulent disease that causes severe hemorrhage and sudden death in Asian elephant calves. A change in hematology profiles is one indicator of infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baselines and age-matched reference values are needed. Stress has been speculated to be a factor in clinical EEHV cases, but relationships have not been demonstrated empirically. This study evaluated blood hematology and several stress response markers—salivary cortisol, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM), salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and fecal IgA (FIgA) in samples collected for 1 year from three healthy calves with no EEHV history (non-EEHV), and six that had previously been infected, developed clinical signs and survived (prior-EEHV). Hematology values between non-EEHV and prior-EEHV elephants were not different and within published reference ranges. Concentrations of salivary cortisol, FGM, SIgA, and FIgA also were variable and showed seasonal differences, but no relationships to prior EEHV status. One of the prior EEHV calves became re-infected, developed hemorrhagic disease (HD), and died during the study period. That calf exhibited lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Additionally, all stress biomarker concentrations were lower in the 12 days before viremia was observed. Thus, as in other studies, changes in hematology occur with EEHV infection, while preliminary data in one calf suggests that stress-response measures might also be informative and should be studied further.
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is a virulent disease that causes severe hemorrhage and sudden death in Asian elephant calves. A change in hematology profiles is one indicator of infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baselines and age-matched reference values are needed. Stress has been speculated to be a factor in clinical EEHV cases, but relationships have not been demonstrated empirically. This study evaluated blood hematology and several stress response markers-salivary cortisol, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM), salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and fecal IgA (FIgA) in samples collected for 1 year from three healthy calves with no EEHV history (non-EEHV), and six that had previously been infected, developed clinical signs and survived (prior-EEHV). Hematology values between non-EEHV and prior-EEHV elephants were not different and within published reference ranges. Concentrations of salivary cortisol, FGM, SIgA, and FIgA also were variable and showed seasonal differences, but no relationships to prior EEHV status. One of the prior EEHV calves became re-infected, developed hemorrhagic disease (HD), and died during the study period. That calf exhibited lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Additionally, all stress biomarker concentrations were lower in the 12 days before viremia was observed. Thus, as in other studies, changes in hematology occur with EEHV infection, while preliminary data in one calf suggests that stress-response measures might also be informative and should be studied further.Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is a virulent disease that causes severe hemorrhage and sudden death in Asian elephant calves. A change in hematology profiles is one indicator of infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baselines and age-matched reference values are needed. Stress has been speculated to be a factor in clinical EEHV cases, but relationships have not been demonstrated empirically. This study evaluated blood hematology and several stress response markers-salivary cortisol, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM), salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and fecal IgA (FIgA) in samples collected for 1 year from three healthy calves with no EEHV history (non-EEHV), and six that had previously been infected, developed clinical signs and survived (prior-EEHV). Hematology values between non-EEHV and prior-EEHV elephants were not different and within published reference ranges. Concentrations of salivary cortisol, FGM, SIgA, and FIgA also were variable and showed seasonal differences, but no relationships to prior EEHV status. One of the prior EEHV calves became re-infected, developed hemorrhagic disease (HD), and died during the study period. That calf exhibited lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Additionally, all stress biomarker concentrations were lower in the 12 days before viremia was observed. Thus, as in other studies, changes in hematology occur with EEHV infection, while preliminary data in one calf suggests that stress-response measures might also be informative and should be studied further.
Simple SummaryA change in hematology profiles is one indicator of EEHV infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baselines and age-matched reference values are needed. A longitudinal investigation of viremia, hematology values, and stress biomarkers was performed in three non-EEHV and six prior infected EEHV calves to better understand EEHV-HD-associated factors. Blood, saliva, and feces were collected for 1 year for analysis of complete blood count (CBC), viral load, glucocorticoids (GCs), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA). Results did not differ between the groups, except for one elephant that presented with EEHV-HD during the study and exhibited high viremia, altered hematology profiles, and decreased stress biomarker concentrations. Thus, as in other studies, hematology changes were associated with EEHV infection, while preliminary data in one calf suggests that stress-response measures might also be informative and warrant further investigation.AbstractElephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is a virulent disease that causes severe hemorrhage and sudden death in Asian elephant calves. A change in hematology profiles is one indicator of infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baselines and age-matched reference values are needed. Stress has been speculated to be a factor in clinical EEHV cases, but relationships have not been demonstrated empirically. This study evaluated blood hematology and several stress response markers—salivary cortisol, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM), salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and fecal IgA (FIgA) in samples collected for 1 year from three healthy calves with no EEHV history (non-EEHV), and six that had previously been infected, developed clinical signs and survived (prior-EEHV). Hematology values between non-EEHV and prior-EEHV elephants were not different and within published reference ranges. Concentrations of salivary cortisol, FGM, SIgA, and FIgA also were variable and showed seasonal differences, but no relationships to prior EEHV status. One of the prior EEHV calves became re-infected, developed hemorrhagic disease (HD), and died during the study period. That calf exhibited lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Additionally, all stress biomarker concentrations were lower in the 12 days before viremia was observed. Thus, as in other studies, changes in hematology occur with EEHV infection, while preliminary data in one calf suggests that stress-response measures might also be informative and should be studied further.
Author Thitaram, Chatchote
Yun, Yaoprapa
Kosaruk, Worapong
Tankaew, Pallop
Muanghong, Panida
Janyamathakul, Thittaya
Punyapornwithaya, Veerasak
Boonprasert, Khajohnpat
Brown, Janine L.
Towiboon, Patcharapa
Somgird, Chaleamchat
AuthorAffiliation 6 Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
4 Pattara Elephant Farm, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; thittayavet68@gmail.com
2 Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; pveerasak.r@gmail.com
3 Veterinary Public Health Centre and Food Safety for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
7 Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
1 Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; khajohnpat@gmail.com (K.B.); yaoprapam@gmail.com (Y.Y.); woraph.kosa@gmail.com (W.K.); towiboon@gmail.com (P.T.); pallop_off@hotmail.com (P.T.); BrownJan@si.edu (J.L.B.); cthitaram@gmail.com (C.T.)
5 Mae Taeng Elephant Park and Clinic, Mae Thang, Chiang Mai 50150
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 7 Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
– name: 5 Mae Taeng Elephant Park and Clinic, Mae Thang, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand; panida.vet72@hotmail.com
– name: 6 Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
– name: 3 Veterinary Public Health Centre and Food Safety for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
– name: 1 Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; khajohnpat@gmail.com (K.B.); yaoprapam@gmail.com (Y.Y.); woraph.kosa@gmail.com (W.K.); towiboon@gmail.com (P.T.); pallop_off@hotmail.com (P.T.); BrownJan@si.edu (J.L.B.); cthitaram@gmail.com (C.T.)
– name: 4 Pattara Elephant Farm, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; thittayavet68@gmail.com
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SSID ssj0000753151
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Snippet Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is a virulent disease that causes severe hemorrhage and sudden death in Asian elephant...
Simple SummaryA change in hematology profiles is one indicator of EEHV infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baselines...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
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StartPage 2530
SubjectTerms Age
Antibodies
Asian elephant
Biomarkers
Blood
calves
cortisol
death
elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus
Elephantid betaherpesvirus 1
Elephants
Elephas maximus
Feces
Genetic testing
Genomes
glucocorticoids
Hematology
hematology parameters
hemorrhage
Hormones
immunoglobulin A
Infections
Longitudinal studies
Medical prognosis
metabolites
Physiology
stress indicators
stress response
Thailand
thrombocytopenia
Veterinary medicine
viremia
virulence
Weaning
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Title A Longitudinal Study of Hematology and Stress Biomarker Profiles in Young Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus) in Relation to Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) in Thailand
URI https://www.proquest.com/docview/2576374195
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2577464168
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2636819844
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8471699
https://doaj.org/article/7fa7bc138b384dcfa89203acd9c2a18e
Volume 11
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