The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The...
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| Published in | Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders Vol. 9; no. 1; pp. 47 - 65 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Vienna
Springer Vienna
01.03.2017
Springer |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1866-6116 1866-6647 1866-6647 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s12402-016-0208-3 |
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| Abstract | We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5% mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. Conditional prevalence of current ADHD averaged 57.0% among childhood cases and 41.1% among childhood subthreshold cases. Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures. |
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| AbstractList | We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5% mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. Conditional prevalence of current ADHD averaged 57.0% among childhood cases and 41.1% among childhood subthreshold cases. Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures. We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5% mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. Conditional prevalence of current ADHD averaged 57.0% among childhood cases and 41.1% among childhood subthreshold cases. Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures.We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5% mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. Conditional prevalence of current ADHD averaged 57.0% among childhood cases and 41.1% among childhood subthreshold cases. Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures. |
| Author | ten Have, Margreet Navarro-Mateu, Fernando Hwang, Irving Kessler, Ronald C. Posada-Villa, José Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio Torres, Yolanda de Girolamo, Giovanni Gureje, Oye Adamowski, Tomasz Pennell, Beth-Ellen Hu, Chiyi Borges, Guilherme O’Neill, Siobhan Sampson, Nancy A. Haro, Josep Maria Karam, Elie G. Al-Hamzawi, Ali Zaslavsky, Alan M. Lee, Sing Xavier, Miguel Andrade, Laura H. S. G. Fayyad, John Florescu, Silvia Piazza, Marina |
| AuthorAffiliation | 18 School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Londonderry, UK 19 Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 8 IRCCS St John of God Clinical Research Centre/IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy 25 Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Department of Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal 4 Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA 12 Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen, China 16 Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong 7 Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico, DF, Mexico 10 Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria 23 Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands 20 National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru 13 Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China 5 College of Medicine, Al-Qadisiya Unive |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 16 Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong – name: 24 Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES University, Medellin, Colombia – name: 13 Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China – name: 20 National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru – name: 19 Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA – name: 4 Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA – name: 10 Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria – name: 23 Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands – name: 12 Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen, China – name: 11 Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain – name: 2 Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – name: 18 School of Psychology, University of Ulster, Londonderry, UK – name: 9 National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development, Bucharest, Romania – name: 14 Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon – name: 6 Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology-LIM 23, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil – name: 3 Department of Nervous System Diseases, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland – name: 7 Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico, DF, Mexico – name: 22 El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia – name: 21 Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru – name: 1 Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon – name: 15 Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon – name: 25 Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Department of Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal – name: 17 IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERESP-Murcia, Subdirección General de Salud Mental y Asistencia Psiquiátrica, Servicio Murciano de Salud, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain – name: 5 College of Medicine, Al-Qadisiya University, Diwaniya Governorate, Iraq – name: 8 IRCCS St John of God Clinical Research Centre/IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: John surname: Fayyad fullname: Fayyad, John email: jfayyad@idraac.org organization: Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC) – sequence: 2 givenname: Nancy A. surname: Sampson fullname: Sampson, Nancy A. organization: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School – sequence: 3 givenname: Irving surname: Hwang fullname: Hwang, Irving organization: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School – sequence: 4 givenname: Tomasz surname: Adamowski fullname: Adamowski, Tomasz organization: Department of Nervous System Diseases, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Wroclaw – sequence: 5 givenname: Sergio surname: Aguilar-Gaxiola fullname: Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio organization: Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System – sequence: 6 givenname: Ali surname: Al-Hamzawi fullname: Al-Hamzawi, Ali organization: College of Medicine, Al-Qadisiya University – sequence: 7 givenname: Laura H. S. G. surname: Andrade fullname: Andrade, Laura H. S. G. organization: Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology-LIM 23, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School – sequence: 8 givenname: Guilherme surname: Borges fullname: Borges, Guilherme organization: Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz – sequence: 9 givenname: Giovanni surname: de Girolamo fullname: de Girolamo, Giovanni organization: IRCCS St John of God Clinical Research Centre/IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli – sequence: 10 givenname: Silvia surname: Florescu fullname: Florescu, Silvia organization: National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development – sequence: 11 givenname: Oye surname: Gureje fullname: Gureje, Oye organization: Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital – sequence: 12 givenname: Josep Maria surname: Haro fullname: Haro, Josep Maria organization: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona – sequence: 13 givenname: Chiyi surname: Hu fullname: Hu, Chiyi organization: Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital – sequence: 14 givenname: Elie G. surname: Karam fullname: Karam, Elie G. organization: Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St George Hospital University Medical Center – sequence: 15 givenname: Sing surname: Lee fullname: Lee, Sing organization: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong – sequence: 16 givenname: Fernando surname: Navarro-Mateu fullname: Navarro-Mateu, Fernando organization: IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERESP-Murcia, Subdirección General de Salud Mental y Asistencia Psiquiátrica, Servicio Murciano de Salud – sequence: 17 givenname: Siobhan surname: O’Neill fullname: O’Neill, Siobhan organization: School of Psychology, University of Ulster – sequence: 18 givenname: Beth-Ellen surname: Pennell fullname: Pennell, Beth-Ellen organization: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan – sequence: 19 givenname: Marina surname: Piazza fullname: Piazza, Marina organization: National Institute of Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia – sequence: 20 givenname: José surname: Posada-Villa fullname: Posada-Villa, José organization: El Bosque University – sequence: 21 givenname: Margreet surname: ten Have fullname: ten Have, Margreet organization: Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction – sequence: 22 givenname: Yolanda surname: Torres fullname: Torres, Yolanda organization: Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES University – sequence: 23 givenname: Miguel surname: Xavier fullname: Xavier, Miguel organization: Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) and Department of Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa – sequence: 24 givenname: Alan M. surname: Zaslavsky fullname: Zaslavsky, Alan M. organization: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School – sequence: 25 givenname: Ronald C. surname: Kessler fullname: Kessler, Ronald C. organization: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27866355$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Contributor | Andrade, Laura Helena Auerbach, Randy P Stein, Dan J Kovess-Masfety, Viviane Bruffaerts, Ronny Caffo, Ernesto Have, Margreet Ten Wells, Elisabeth Taib, Nezar Hu, Chi-Yi Gureje, Oye Lago, Luise Forresi, Barbara Ghimire, Dirgha J Kiejna, Andrzej Moskalewicz, Jacek Alonso, Jordi Fayyad, John Karam, Elie G Kawakami, Norito Posada-Villa, Jose Chardoul, Stephanie Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio Ebert, David D Degenhardt, Louisa Altwaijri, Yasmin Demyttenaere, Koen Thornicroft, Graham Gilman, Stephen E Pennell, Beth-Ellen McLaughlin, Katie A Slade, Tim Murphy, Samuel D Tachimori, Hisateru Levav, Itzhak Mneimneh, Zeina Haro, Josep Maria Vilagut, Gemma Liu, Zhaorui Piotrowski, Patryk Benjet, Corina Atwoli, Lukoye Wojtyniak, Bogdan Williams, David R Navarro-Mateu, Fernando Al-Kaisy, Mohammad Lepine, Jean-Pierre Cia, Alfredo H Glantz, Meyer D Kessler, Ronald C de Graaf, Ron Martins, Silvia S Galea, Sandro Subaie, Abdullah Al Levinson, Daphna Bromet, Evelyn J Chatterji, Somnath Viana, Maria Carmen Medina-Mora, Maria Elena Evans-Lacko, Sara Fiestas, Fabian Scott, Ka |
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– sequence: 77 givenname: Stephanie surname: Pinder-Amaker fullname: Pinder-Amaker, Stephanie – sequence: 78 givenname: Patryk surname: Piotrowski fullname: Piotrowski, Patryk – sequence: 79 givenname: Jose surname: Posada-Villa fullname: Posada-Villa, Jose – sequence: 80 givenname: Ayelet M surname: Ruscio fullname: Ruscio, Ayelet M – sequence: 81 givenname: Kate M surname: Scott fullname: Scott, Kate M – sequence: 82 givenname: Vicki surname: Shahly fullname: Shahly, Vicki – sequence: 83 givenname: Derrick surname: Silove fullname: Silove, Derrick – sequence: 84 givenname: Tim surname: Slade fullname: Slade, Tim – sequence: 85 givenname: Jordan W surname: Smoller fullname: Smoller, Jordan W – sequence: 86 givenname: Juan Carlos surname: Stagnaro fullname: Stagnaro, Juan Carlos – sequence: 87 givenname: Dan J surname: Stein fullname: Stein, Dan J – sequence: 88 givenname: Amy E surname: Street fullname: Street, Amy E – sequence: 89 givenname: Hisateru surname: Tachimori fullname: 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| Keywords | ADHD Prevalence Treatment Comorbidity Impairment Disability epidemiology Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
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| PublicationTitle | Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders |
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| Snippet | We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - epidemiology Comorbidity Developed Countries - statistics & numerical data Developing Countries - statistics & numerical data Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Female Health Surveys Humans Income Malalties mentals Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Mental Disorders - epidemiology Original Article Patient Acceptance of Health Care - statistics & numerical data Prevalence Psychiatry Risk Factors Salut mundial Trastorn per dèficit d'atenció amb hiperactivitat World Health Organization Young Adult |
| Title | The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys |
| URI | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12402-016-0208-3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27866355 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1842545684 https://recercat.cat/handle/2072/336895 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5325787 |
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