Sex in the brain: hormones and sex differences

Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected by estrogens, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and o...

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Published inDialogues in clinical neuroscience Vol. 18; no. 4; pp. 373 - 383
Main Authors Marrocco, Jordan, McEwen, Bruce S.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published France Taylor & Francis 01.12.2016
Les Laboratoires Servier
Subjects
aging
androgen
Basic Research
Brain - physiology
depression
Embryonic Development - genetics
Embryonic Development - physiology
epigenetics
estradiol
Female
Fetal Development - genetics
Fetal Development - physiology
Gene Expression
Gonadal Steroid Hormones - genetics
Gonadal Steroid Hormones - physiology
hippocampus
Human Development - physiology
Humans
Male
memory
Neuronal Plasticity - genetics
Neuronal Plasticity - physiology
prefrontal cortex
progesterone
Sex Characteristics
Sex Factors
Steroids - physiology
structural plasticity
synapse formation
structural plasticity
androgen
memory
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
progesterone
aging
depression
epigenetics
synapse formation
estradiol
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Abstract Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected by estrogens, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences, and responses to sex hormones in brain regions and upon functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era in our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.
AbstractList Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected by estrogens, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences, and responses to sex hormones in brain regions and upon functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era in our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.
Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected by estrogens, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences, and responses to sex hormones in brain regions and upon functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era in our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected by estrogens, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences, and responses to sex hormones in brain regions and upon functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era in our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.
Author Marrocco, Jordan
McEwen, Bruce S.
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Issue 4
Keywords structural plasticity
androgen
memory
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
progesterone
aging
depression
epigenetics
synapse formation
estradiol
Language English
License open-access: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Snippet Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and...
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SubjectTerms aging
androgen
Basic Research
Brain - physiology
depression
Embryonic Development - genetics
Embryonic Development - physiology
epigenetics
estradiol
Female
Fetal Development - genetics
Fetal Development - physiology
Gene Expression
Gonadal Steroid Hormones - genetics
Gonadal Steroid Hormones - physiology
hippocampus
Human Development - physiology
Humans
Male
memory
Neuronal Plasticity - genetics
Neuronal Plasticity - physiology
prefrontal cortex
progesterone
Sex Characteristics
Sex Factors
Steroids - physiology
structural plasticity
synapse formation
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Title Sex in the brain: hormones and sex differences
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