Deciphering cholangiocarcinoma heterogeneity and specific progenitor cell niche of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma at single-cell resolution

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes. Reconciling the variability between iCCAs and eCCAs in clinical trials remains a challenge, largely due to the inadequate understanding of their shared and subtyp...

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Published inJournal of hematology and oncology Vol. 18; no. 1; pp. 66 - 19
Main Authors Liu, Chunliang, Wang, Xiang, Liu, Erdong, Zong, Yali, Yu, Wenlong, Jiang, Youhai, Chen, Jianan, Gu, Mingye, Meng, Zhengyuan, Li, Jingfeng, Liu, Yang, Zhang, Yongjie, Tang, Jing, Wang, Hongyang, Fu, Jing
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Published England BioMed Central Ltd 23.06.2025
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Abstract Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes. Reconciling the variability between iCCAs and eCCAs in clinical trials remains a challenge, largely due to the inadequate understanding of their shared and subtype-specific cellular heterogeneity. We aim to address this issue using single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomic approaches. We performed comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) by profiling 109,071 single cells from 28 samples, including chronic biliary inflammatory conditions (n = 7) and CCAs from different anatomical sites (n = 21). Findings were validated using external multi-omics datasets, tissue microarray cohort, spatial RNA in situ sequencing, CCA patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and mouse models. iCCAs and eCCAs exhibited distinct tumor ecosystems, with notable differences in cellular composition, diversity, and abundance across various cell types. Non-malignant epithelial cells displayed divergent precancer hallmarks from different biliary sites, with inflammatory extrahepatic bile ducts exhibiting early hijacking of the gastrointestinal metaplastic process. We identified seven meta-programs within cancer cells, mapped into four major subtypes. This subtyping was validated using external CCA cohorts and PDO models, distinguishing patients based on clinical outcomes and drug vulnerabilities. Specifically, iCCAs were associated with a senescent program, while eCCAs were enriched in an IFN-responsive program linked to adverse clinical outcomes and increased drug resistance. We identified a basal-like LY6D cancer cell subpopulation specific to eCCAs, which displayed significant stemness, drug resistance, and IFN-responsive features. This subpopulation was closely associated with an interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-enriched mesenchymal and immune microenvironment. Functional assays demonstrated that ISG15 stimulation significantly boosted stemness, basal-like features, and drug resistance in eCCA cells, highlighting its pivotal role in sustaining the LY6D progenitor niches. We present a comprehensive single-cell landscape of CCAs, uncovering the molecular heterogeneity between iCCA and eCCA subtypes. Transcriptomic subtyping of CCA cancer cells offers implications for clinical stratification and functional precision oncology. We identify basal-like epithelial progenitors and characterize their associated ISG15-enriched microenvironment in eCCAs. These findings hold significant promise for the development of novel prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and treatment strategies for CCAs.
AbstractList Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes. Reconciling the variability between iCCAs and eCCAs in clinical trials remains a challenge, largely due to the inadequate understanding of their shared and subtype-specific cellular heterogeneity. We aim to address this issue using single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomic approaches.BACKGROUNDCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes. Reconciling the variability between iCCAs and eCCAs in clinical trials remains a challenge, largely due to the inadequate understanding of their shared and subtype-specific cellular heterogeneity. We aim to address this issue using single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomic approaches.We performed comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) by profiling 109,071 single cells from 28 samples, including chronic biliary inflammatory conditions (n = 7) and CCAs from different anatomical sites (n = 21). Findings were validated using external multi-omics datasets, tissue microarray cohort, spatial RNA in situ sequencing, CCA patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and mouse models.METHODSWe performed comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) by profiling 109,071 single cells from 28 samples, including chronic biliary inflammatory conditions (n = 7) and CCAs from different anatomical sites (n = 21). Findings were validated using external multi-omics datasets, tissue microarray cohort, spatial RNA in situ sequencing, CCA patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and mouse models.iCCAs and eCCAs exhibited distinct tumor ecosystems, with notable differences in cellular composition, diversity, and abundance across various cell types. Non-malignant epithelial cells displayed divergent precancer hallmarks from different biliary sites, with inflammatory extrahepatic bile ducts exhibiting early hijacking of the gastrointestinal metaplastic process. We identified seven meta-programs within cancer cells, mapped into four major subtypes. This subtyping was validated using external CCA cohorts and PDO models, distinguishing patients based on clinical outcomes and drug vulnerabilities. Specifically, iCCAs were associated with a senescent program, while eCCAs were enriched in an IFN-responsive program linked to adverse clinical outcomes and increased drug resistance. We identified a basal-like LY6D+ cancer cell subpopulation specific to eCCAs, which displayed significant stemness, drug resistance, and IFN-responsive features. This subpopulation was closely associated with an interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-enriched mesenchymal and immune microenvironment. Functional assays demonstrated that ISG15 stimulation significantly boosted stemness, basal-like features, and drug resistance in eCCA cells, highlighting its pivotal role in sustaining the LY6D+ progenitor niches.RESULTSiCCAs and eCCAs exhibited distinct tumor ecosystems, with notable differences in cellular composition, diversity, and abundance across various cell types. Non-malignant epithelial cells displayed divergent precancer hallmarks from different biliary sites, with inflammatory extrahepatic bile ducts exhibiting early hijacking of the gastrointestinal metaplastic process. We identified seven meta-programs within cancer cells, mapped into four major subtypes. This subtyping was validated using external CCA cohorts and PDO models, distinguishing patients based on clinical outcomes and drug vulnerabilities. Specifically, iCCAs were associated with a senescent program, while eCCAs were enriched in an IFN-responsive program linked to adverse clinical outcomes and increased drug resistance. We identified a basal-like LY6D+ cancer cell subpopulation specific to eCCAs, which displayed significant stemness, drug resistance, and IFN-responsive features. This subpopulation was closely associated with an interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-enriched mesenchymal and immune microenvironment. Functional assays demonstrated that ISG15 stimulation significantly boosted stemness, basal-like features, and drug resistance in eCCA cells, highlighting its pivotal role in sustaining the LY6D+ progenitor niches.We present a comprehensive single-cell landscape of CCAs, uncovering the molecular heterogeneity between iCCA and eCCA subtypes. Transcriptomic subtyping of CCA cancer cells offers implications for clinical stratification and functional precision oncology. We identify basal-like epithelial progenitors and characterize their associated ISG15-enriched microenvironment in eCCAs. These findings hold significant promise for the development of novel prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and treatment strategies for CCAs.CONCLUSIONWe present a comprehensive single-cell landscape of CCAs, uncovering the molecular heterogeneity between iCCA and eCCA subtypes. Transcriptomic subtyping of CCA cancer cells offers implications for clinical stratification and functional precision oncology. We identify basal-like epithelial progenitors and characterize their associated ISG15-enriched microenvironment in eCCAs. These findings hold significant promise for the development of novel prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and treatment strategies for CCAs.
Abstract Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes. Reconciling the variability between iCCAs and eCCAs in clinical trials remains a challenge, largely due to the inadequate understanding of their shared and subtype-specific cellular heterogeneity. We aim to address this issue using single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomic approaches. Methods We performed comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) by profiling 109,071 single cells from 28 samples, including chronic biliary inflammatory conditions (n = 7) and CCAs from different anatomical sites (n = 21). Findings were validated using external multi-omics datasets, tissue microarray cohort, spatial RNA in situ sequencing, CCA patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and mouse models. Results iCCAs and eCCAs exhibited distinct tumor ecosystems, with notable differences in cellular composition, diversity, and abundance across various cell types. Non-malignant epithelial cells displayed divergent precancer hallmarks from different biliary sites, with inflammatory extrahepatic bile ducts exhibiting early hijacking of the gastrointestinal metaplastic process. We identified seven meta-programs within cancer cells, mapped into four major subtypes. This subtyping was validated using external CCA cohorts and PDO models, distinguishing patients based on clinical outcomes and drug vulnerabilities. Specifically, iCCAs were associated with a senescent program, while eCCAs were enriched in an IFN-responsive program linked to adverse clinical outcomes and increased drug resistance. We identified a basal-like LY6D + cancer cell subpopulation specific to eCCAs, which displayed significant stemness, drug resistance, and IFN-responsive features. This subpopulation was closely associated with an interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-enriched mesenchymal and immune microenvironment. Functional assays demonstrated that ISG15 stimulation significantly boosted stemness, basal-like features, and drug resistance in eCCA cells, highlighting its pivotal role in sustaining the LY6D + progenitor niches. Conclusion We present a comprehensive single-cell landscape of CCAs, uncovering the molecular heterogeneity between iCCA and eCCA subtypes. Transcriptomic subtyping of CCA cancer cells offers implications for clinical stratification and functional precision oncology. We identify basal-like epithelial progenitors and characterize their associated ISG15-enriched microenvironment in eCCAs. These findings hold significant promise for the development of novel prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and treatment strategies for CCAs.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes. Reconciling the variability between iCCAs and eCCAs in clinical trials remains a challenge, largely due to the inadequate understanding of their shared and subtype-specific cellular heterogeneity. We aim to address this issue using single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomic approaches. We performed comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) by profiling 109,071 single cells from 28 samples, including chronic biliary inflammatory conditions (n = 7) and CCAs from different anatomical sites (n = 21). Findings were validated using external multi-omics datasets, tissue microarray cohort, spatial RNA in situ sequencing, CCA patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and mouse models. iCCAs and eCCAs exhibited distinct tumor ecosystems, with notable differences in cellular composition, diversity, and abundance across various cell types. Non-malignant epithelial cells displayed divergent precancer hallmarks from different biliary sites, with inflammatory extrahepatic bile ducts exhibiting early hijacking of the gastrointestinal metaplastic process. We identified seven meta-programs within cancer cells, mapped into four major subtypes. This subtyping was validated using external CCA cohorts and PDO models, distinguishing patients based on clinical outcomes and drug vulnerabilities. Specifically, iCCAs were associated with a senescent program, while eCCAs were enriched in an IFN-responsive program linked to adverse clinical outcomes and increased drug resistance. We identified a basal-like LY6D cancer cell subpopulation specific to eCCAs, which displayed significant stemness, drug resistance, and IFN-responsive features. This subpopulation was closely associated with an interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-enriched mesenchymal and immune microenvironment. Functional assays demonstrated that ISG15 stimulation significantly boosted stemness, basal-like features, and drug resistance in eCCA cells, highlighting its pivotal role in sustaining the LY6D progenitor niches. We present a comprehensive single-cell landscape of CCAs, uncovering the molecular heterogeneity between iCCA and eCCA subtypes. Transcriptomic subtyping of CCA cancer cells offers implications for clinical stratification and functional precision oncology. We identify basal-like epithelial progenitors and characterize their associated ISG15-enriched microenvironment in eCCAs. These findings hold significant promise for the development of novel prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and treatment strategies for CCAs.
Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes. Reconciling the variability between iCCAs and eCCAs in clinical trials remains a challenge, largely due to the inadequate understanding of their shared and subtype-specific cellular heterogeneity. We aim to address this issue using single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomic approaches. Methods We performed comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) by profiling 109,071 single cells from 28 samples, including chronic biliary inflammatory conditions (n = 7) and CCAs from different anatomical sites (n = 21). Findings were validated using external multi-omics datasets, tissue microarray cohort, spatial RNA in situ sequencing, CCA patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and mouse models. Results iCCAs and eCCAs exhibited distinct tumor ecosystems, with notable differences in cellular composition, diversity, and abundance across various cell types. Non-malignant epithelial cells displayed divergent precancer hallmarks from different biliary sites, with inflammatory extrahepatic bile ducts exhibiting early hijacking of the gastrointestinal metaplastic process. We identified seven meta-programs within cancer cells, mapped into four major subtypes. This subtyping was validated using external CCA cohorts and PDO models, distinguishing patients based on clinical outcomes and drug vulnerabilities. Specifically, iCCAs were associated with a senescent program, while eCCAs were enriched in an IFN-responsive program linked to adverse clinical outcomes and increased drug resistance. We identified a basal-like LY6D.sup.+ cancer cell subpopulation specific to eCCAs, which displayed significant stemness, drug resistance, and IFN-responsive features. This subpopulation was closely associated with an interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-enriched mesenchymal and immune microenvironment. Functional assays demonstrated that ISG15 stimulation significantly boosted stemness, basal-like features, and drug resistance in eCCA cells, highlighting its pivotal role in sustaining the LY6D.sup.+ progenitor niches. Conclusion We present a comprehensive single-cell landscape of CCAs, uncovering the molecular heterogeneity between iCCA and eCCA subtypes. Transcriptomic subtyping of CCA cancer cells offers implications for clinical stratification and functional precision oncology. We identify basal-like epithelial progenitors and characterize their associated ISG15-enriched microenvironment in eCCAs. These findings hold significant promise for the development of novel prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and treatment strategies for CCAs.
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes. Reconciling the variability between iCCAs and eCCAs in clinical trials remains a challenge, largely due to the inadequate understanding of their shared and subtype-specific cellular heterogeneity. We aim to address this issue using single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomic approaches. We performed comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) by profiling 109,071 single cells from 28 samples, including chronic biliary inflammatory conditions (n = 7) and CCAs from different anatomical sites (n = 21). Findings were validated using external multi-omics datasets, tissue microarray cohort, spatial RNA in situ sequencing, CCA patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and mouse models. iCCAs and eCCAs exhibited distinct tumor ecosystems, with notable differences in cellular composition, diversity, and abundance across various cell types. Non-malignant epithelial cells displayed divergent precancer hallmarks from different biliary sites, with inflammatory extrahepatic bile ducts exhibiting early hijacking of the gastrointestinal metaplastic process. We identified seven meta-programs within cancer cells, mapped into four major subtypes. This subtyping was validated using external CCA cohorts and PDO models, distinguishing patients based on clinical outcomes and drug vulnerabilities. Specifically, iCCAs were associated with a senescent program, while eCCAs were enriched in an IFN-responsive program linked to adverse clinical outcomes and increased drug resistance. We identified a basal-like LY6D.sup.+ cancer cell subpopulation specific to eCCAs, which displayed significant stemness, drug resistance, and IFN-responsive features. This subpopulation was closely associated with an interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-enriched mesenchymal and immune microenvironment. Functional assays demonstrated that ISG15 stimulation significantly boosted stemness, basal-like features, and drug resistance in eCCA cells, highlighting its pivotal role in sustaining the LY6D.sup.+ progenitor niches. We present a comprehensive single-cell landscape of CCAs, uncovering the molecular heterogeneity between iCCA and eCCA subtypes. Transcriptomic subtyping of CCA cancer cells offers implications for clinical stratification and functional precision oncology. We identify basal-like epithelial progenitors and characterize their associated ISG15-enriched microenvironment in eCCAs. These findings hold significant promise for the development of novel prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and treatment strategies for CCAs.
BackgroundCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes. Reconciling the variability between iCCAs and eCCAs in clinical trials remains a challenge, largely due to the inadequate understanding of their shared and subtype-specific cellular heterogeneity. We aim to address this issue using single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomic approaches.MethodsWe performed comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) by profiling 109,071 single cells from 28 samples, including chronic biliary inflammatory conditions (n = 7) and CCAs from different anatomical sites (n = 21). Findings were validated using external multi-omics datasets, tissue microarray cohort, spatial RNA in situ sequencing, CCA patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and mouse models.ResultsiCCAs and eCCAs exhibited distinct tumor ecosystems, with notable differences in cellular composition, diversity, and abundance across various cell types. Non-malignant epithelial cells displayed divergent precancer hallmarks from different biliary sites, with inflammatory extrahepatic bile ducts exhibiting early hijacking of the gastrointestinal metaplastic process. We identified seven meta-programs within cancer cells, mapped into four major subtypes. This subtyping was validated using external CCA cohorts and PDO models, distinguishing patients based on clinical outcomes and drug vulnerabilities. Specifically, iCCAs were associated with a senescent program, while eCCAs were enriched in an IFN-responsive program linked to adverse clinical outcomes and increased drug resistance. We identified a basal-like LY6D+ cancer cell subpopulation specific to eCCAs, which displayed significant stemness, drug resistance, and IFN-responsive features. This subpopulation was closely associated with an interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15)-enriched mesenchymal and immune microenvironment. Functional assays demonstrated that ISG15 stimulation significantly boosted stemness, basal-like features, and drug resistance in eCCA cells, highlighting its pivotal role in sustaining the LY6D+ progenitor niches.ConclusionWe present a comprehensive single-cell landscape of CCAs, uncovering the molecular heterogeneity between iCCA and eCCA subtypes. Transcriptomic subtyping of CCA cancer cells offers implications for clinical stratification and functional precision oncology. We identify basal-like epithelial progenitors and characterize their associated ISG15-enriched microenvironment in eCCAs. These findings hold significant promise for the development of novel prognostic biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and treatment strategies for CCAs.
ArticleNumber 66
Audience Academic
Author Gu, Mingye
Liu, Chunliang
Zong, Yali
Chen, Jianan
Liu, Erdong
Zhang, Yongjie
Jiang, Youhai
Liu, Yang
Li, Jingfeng
Meng, Zhengyuan
Wang, Xiang
Wang, Hongyang
Tang, Jing
Yu, Wenlong
Fu, Jing
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SSID ssj0061920
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Snippet Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes. Reconciling the...
Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes....
BackgroundCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes. Reconciling...
Abstract Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, primarily comprising intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA) subtypes....
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StartPage 66
SubjectTerms Analysis
Animal models
Animals
B cells
Bile Duct Neoplasms - genetics
Bile Duct Neoplasms - pathology
Bile ducts
Biological response modifiers
Cancer
Cell cycle
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma - genetics
Cholangiocarcinoma - pathology
Clinical trials
DNA microarrays
Drug resistance
Epithelial cells
Genes
Genomes
Genomics
Humans
Immunotherapy
Inflammation
Interferon
Malignancy
Medical prognosis
Mice
Microenvironments
Neoplastic Stem Cells - metabolism
Neoplastic Stem Cells - pathology
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Title Deciphering cholangiocarcinoma heterogeneity and specific progenitor cell niche of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma at single-cell resolution
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40551145
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3227651130
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3223635069
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12186425
https://doaj.org/article/408755e0c2024c99bc565dc367152c31
Volume 18
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