Cities are hotspots for threatened species

AIM: Although urbanization impacts many species, there is little information on the patterns of occurrences of threatened species in urban relative to non‐urban areas. By assessing the extent of the distribution of threatened species across all Australian cities, we aim to investigate the currently...

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Published in	Global ecology and biogeography Vol. 25; no. 1; pp. 117 - 126
Main Authors	Ives, Christopher D, Lentini, Pia E, Threlfall, Caragh G, Ikin, Karen, Shanahan, Danielle F, Garrard, Georgia E, Bekessy, Sarah A, Fuller, Richard A, Mumaw, Laura, Rayner, Laura, Rowe, Ross, Valentine, Leonie E, Kendal, Dave
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Oxford Blackwell Science 01.01.2016 Blackwell Publishing Ltd John Wiley & Sons Ltd Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects	Animals Australia biodiversity cities coasts Conservation conservation policy Endangered & extinct species Flowers & plants islands issues and policy people planning plants (botany) primary productivity species distributions species diversity Tasmania threatened species Urban areas urbanization Tasmania PSE, Australia, Tasmania
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Abstract	AIM: Although urbanization impacts many species, there is little information on the patterns of occurrences of threatened species in urban relative to non‐urban areas. By assessing the extent of the distribution of threatened species across all Australian cities, we aim to investigate the currently under‐utilized opportunity that cities present for national biodiversity conservation. LOCATION: Australian mainland, Tasmania and offshore islands. METHODS: Distributions of Australia's 1643 legally protected terrestrial species (hereafter ‘threatened species’) were compiled. We assessed the extent to which they overlapped with 99 cities (of more than 10,000 people), with all non‐urban areas, and with simulated ‘dummy’ cities which covered the same area and bioregion as the true cities but were non‐urban. We analysed differences between animals and plants, and examined variability within these groups using species accumulation modelling. Threatened species richness of true versus dummy cities was analysed using generalized linear mixed‐effects models. RESULTS: Australian cities support substantially more nationally threatened animal and plant species than all other non‐urban areas on a unit‐area basis. Thirty per cent of threatened species were found to occur in cities. Distribution patterns differed between plants and animals: individual threatened plant species were generally found in fewer cities than threatened animal species, yet plants were more likely to have a greater proportion of their distribution in urban areas than animals. Individual cities tended to contain unique suites of threatened species, especially threatened plants. The analysis of true versus dummy cities demonstrated that, even after accounting for factors such as net primary productivity and distance to the coast, cities still consistently supported a greater number of threatened species. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: This research highlights that Australian cities are important for the conservation of threatened species, and that the species assemblages of individual cities are relatively distinct. National conservation policy should recognize that cities play an integral role when planning for and managing threatened species.
AbstractList	Aim Although urbanization impacts many species, there is little information on the patterns of occurrences of threatened species in urban relative to non-urban areas. By assessing the extent of the distribution of threatened species across all Australian cities, we aim to investigate the currently under-utilized opportunity that cities present for national biodiversity conservation. Location Australian mainland, Tasmania and offshore islands. Methods Distributions of Australia's 1643 legally protected terrestrial species (hereafter 'threatened species') were compiled. We assessed the extent to which they overlapped with 99 cities (ofmore than 10,000 people), with all non-urban areas, and with simulated 'dummy' cities which covered the same area and bioregion as the true cities but were non-urban. We analysed differences between animals and plants, and examined variability within these groups using species accumulation modelling. Threatened species richness of true versus dummy cities was analysed using generalized linear mixed-effects models. Results Australian cities support substantially more nationally threatened animal and plant species than all other non-urban areas on a unit-area basis. Thirty per cent of threatened species were found to occur in cities. Distribution patterns differed between plants and animals: individual threatened plant species were generally found in fewer cities than threatened animal species, yet plants were more likely to have a greater proportion of their distribution in urban areas than animals. Individual cities tended to contain unique suites of threatened species, especially threatened plants. The analysis of true versus dummy cities demonstrated that, even after accounting for factors such as net primary productivity and distance to the coast, cities still consistently supported a greater number of threatened species. Main conclusions This research highlights that Australian cities are important for the conservation of threatened species, and that the species assemblages of individual cities are relatively distinct. National conservation policy should recognize that cities play an integral role when planning for and managing threatened species. Aim Although urbanization impacts many species, there is little information on the patterns of occurrences of threatened species in urban relative to non‐urban areas. By assessing the extent of the distribution of threatened species across all Australian cities, we aim to investigate the currently under‐utilized opportunity that cities present for national biodiversity conservation. Location Australian mainland, Tasmania and offshore islands. Methods Distributions of Australia's 1643 legally protected terrestrial species (hereafter ‘threatened species’) were compiled. We assessed the extent to which they overlapped with 99 cities (of more than 10,000 people), with all non‐urban areas, and with simulated ‘dummy’ cities which covered the same area and bioregion as the true cities but were non‐urban. We analysed differences between animals and plants, and examined variability within these groups using species accumulation modelling. Threatened species richness of true versus dummy cities was analysed using generalized linear mixed‐effects models. Results Australian cities support substantially more nationally threatened animal and plant species than all other non‐urban areas on a unit‐area basis. Thirty per cent of threatened species were found to occur in cities. Distribution patterns differed between plants and animals: individual threatened plant species were generally found in fewer cities than threatened animal species, yet plants were more likely to have a greater proportion of their distribution in urban areas than animals. Individual cities tended to contain unique suites of threatened species, especially threatened plants. The analysis of true versus dummy cities demonstrated that, even after accounting for factors such as net primary productivity and distance to the coast, cities still consistently supported a greater number of threatened species. Main conclusions This research highlights that Australian cities are important for the conservation of threatened species, and that the species assemblages of individual cities are relatively distinct. National conservation policy should recognize that cities play an integral role when planning for and managing threatened species. AIM: Although urbanization impacts many species, there is little information on the patterns of occurrences of threatened species in urban relative to non‐urban areas. By assessing the extent of the distribution of threatened species across all Australian cities, we aim to investigate the currently under‐utilized opportunity that cities present for national biodiversity conservation. LOCATION: Australian mainland, Tasmania and offshore islands. METHODS: Distributions of Australia's 1643 legally protected terrestrial species (hereafter ‘threatened species’) were compiled. We assessed the extent to which they overlapped with 99 cities (of more than 10,000 people), with all non‐urban areas, and with simulated ‘dummy’ cities which covered the same area and bioregion as the true cities but were non‐urban. We analysed differences between animals and plants, and examined variability within these groups using species accumulation modelling. Threatened species richness of true versus dummy cities was analysed using generalized linear mixed‐effects models. RESULTS: Australian cities support substantially more nationally threatened animal and plant species than all other non‐urban areas on a unit‐area basis. Thirty per cent of threatened species were found to occur in cities. Distribution patterns differed between plants and animals: individual threatened plant species were generally found in fewer cities than threatened animal species, yet plants were more likely to have a greater proportion of their distribution in urban areas than animals. Individual cities tended to contain unique suites of threatened species, especially threatened plants. The analysis of true versus dummy cities demonstrated that, even after accounting for factors such as net primary productivity and distance to the coast, cities still consistently supported a greater number of threatened species. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: This research highlights that Australian cities are important for the conservation of threatened species, and that the species assemblages of individual cities are relatively distinct. National conservation policy should recognize that cities play an integral role when planning for and managing threatened species.
Author	Kendal, Dave Threlfall, Caragh G. Fuller, Richard A. Lentini, Pia E. Garrard, Georgia E. Rowe, Ross Ives, Christopher D. Ikin, Karen Shanahan, Danielle F. Rayner, Laura Bekessy, Sarah A. Mumaw, Laura Valentine, Leonie E.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 fullname: Ives, Christopher D – sequence: 2 fullname: Lentini, Pia E – sequence: 3 fullname: Threlfall, Caragh G – sequence: 4 fullname: Ikin, Karen – sequence: 5 fullname: Shanahan, Danielle F – sequence: 6 fullname: Garrard, Georgia E – sequence: 7 fullname: Bekessy, Sarah A – sequence: 8 fullname: Fuller, Richard A – sequence: 9 fullname: Mumaw, Laura – sequence: 10 fullname: Rayner, Laura – sequence: 11 fullname: Rowe, Ross – sequence: 12 fullname: Valentine, Leonie E – sequence: 13 fullname: Kendal, Dave
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Notes	http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12404 ARC Linkage - No. LP110100686 ARC Discovery - No. DP120102857 ArticleID:GEB12404 Australian Government National Environmental Research Program Environmental Decisions Hub (NERP ED) istex:C053361EDCE43EE994F215A48DE5AD8A50424E2E Baker Foundation Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions (CEED) The Myer Foundation Appendix S1 Comparative analysis between known and known and/or likely to occur distributions Appendix S2 List of Australian cities, with human population size and total, animal and plant threatened species richness. Appendix S3 Analysis of differences in threatened species composition between cities including hierarchical cluster analysis of (1) animals and (2) plants, and maps of mean threatened species community similarity across Australia for (3) animals and (4) plants. Appendix S4 Models of (1) total city threatened species richness and (2) mean 1-km2 cell threatened species richness for true cities versus dummy cities (non-urban controls). ark:/67375/WNG-1N582DWH-H ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23
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Snippet	AIM: Although urbanization impacts many species, there is little information on the patterns of occurrences of threatened species in urban relative to... Aim: Although urbanization impacts many species, there is little information on the patterns of occurrences of threatened species in urban relative to... Aim Although urbanization impacts many species, there is little information on the patterns of occurrences of threatened species in urban relative to non‐urban... Aim Although urbanization impacts many species, there is little information on the patterns of occurrences of threatened species in urban relative to non-urban...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Australia biodiversity cities coasts Conservation conservation policy Endangered & extinct species Flowers & plants islands issues and policy people planning plants (botany) primary productivity species distributions species diversity Tasmania threatened species Urban areas urbanization
Title	Cities are hotspots for threatened species
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