A Study of the Impacts of Vertical Diffusion on the Structure and Intensity of the Tropical Cyclones Using the High-Resolution HWRF System
The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) system was used in an idealized framework to gain a fundamental understanding of the variability in tropical cyclone (TC) structure and intensity prediction that may arise due to vertical diffusion. The modeling system uses the Medium-Range Forec...
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Published in | Journal of the atmospheric sciences Vol. 70; no. 2; pp. 524 - 541 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Boston, MA
American Meteorological Society
01.02.2013
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Subjects | |
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Abstract | The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) system was used in an idealized framework to gain a fundamental understanding of the variability in tropical cyclone (TC) structure and intensity prediction that may arise due to vertical diffusion. The modeling system uses the Medium-Range Forecast parameterization scheme. Flight-level data collected by a NOAA WP-3D research aircraft during the eyewall penetration of category 5 Hurricane Hugo (1989) at an altitude of about 450-500 m and Hurricane Allen (1980) were used as the basis to best match the modeled eddy diffusivities with wind speed. While reduction of the eddy diffusivity to a quarter of its original value produced the best match with the observations, such a reduction revealed a significant decrease in the height of the inflow layer as well which, in turn, drastically affected the size and intensity changes in the modeled TC. The cross-isobaric flow (inflow) was observed to be stronger with the decrease in the inflow depth. Stronger inflow not only increased the spin of the storm, enhancing the generalized Coriolis term in the equations of motion for tangential velocity, but also resulted in enhanced equivalent potential temperature in the boundary layer, a stronger and warmer core, and, subsequently, a stronger storm. More importantly, rapid acceleration of the inflow not only produced a stronger outflow at the top of the inflow layer, more consistent with observations, but also a smaller inner core that was less than half the size of the original. |
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AbstractList | The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) system was used in an idealized framework to gain a fundamental understanding of the variability in tropical cyclone (TC) structure and intensity prediction that may arise due to vertical diffusion. The modeling system uses the Medium-Range Forecast parameterization scheme. Flight-level data collected by a NOAA WP-3D research aircraft during the eyewall penetration of category 5 Hurricane Hugo (1989) at an altitude of about 450-500 m and Hurricane Allen (1980) were used as the basis to best match the modeled eddy diffusivities with wind speed. While reduction of the eddy diffusivity to a quarter of its original value produced the best match with the observations, such a reduction revealed a significant decrease in the height of the inflow layer as well which, in turn, drastically affected the size and intensity changes in the modeled TC. The cross-isobaric flow (inflow) was observed to be stronger with the decrease in the inflow depth. Stronger inflow not only increased the spin of the storm, enhancing the generalized Coriolis term in the equations of motion for tangential velocity, but also resulted in enhanced equivalent potential temperature in the boundary layer, a stronger and warmer core, and, subsequently, a stronger storm. More importantly, rapid acceleration of the inflow not only produced a stronger outflow at the top of the inflow layer, more consistent with observations, but also a smaller inner core that was less than half the size of the original. The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) system was used in an idealized framework to gain a fundamental understanding of the variability in tropical cyclone (TC) structure and intensity prediction that may arise due to vertical diffusion. The modeling system uses the Medium-Range Forecast parameterization scheme. Flight-level data collected by a NOAAWP-3D research aircraftduring the eyewall penetration of category 5HurricaneHugo (1989) at an altitude of about 450-500 mandHurricaneAllen (1980)were used as the basis to best match the modeled eddy diffusivitieswith wind speed.While reduction of the eddy diffusivity to a quarter of its original value produced the best match with the observations, such a reduction revealed a significant decrease in the height of the inflow layer as well which, in turn, drastically affected the size and intensity changes in themodeled TC. The cross-isobaric flow(inflow)was observed to be stronger with the decrease in the inflow depth. Stronger inflow not only increased the spin of the storm, enhancing the generalized Coriolis term in the equations of motion for tangential velocity, but also resulted in enhanced equivalent potential temperature in the boundary layer, a stronger and warmer core, and, subsequently, a stronger storm.More importantly, rapid acceleration of the inflow not only produced a stronger outflow at the top of the inflow layer, more consistent with observations, but also a smaller inner core that was less than half the size of the original. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Abstract The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) system was used in an idealized framework to gain a fundamental understanding of the variability in tropical cyclone (TC) structure and intensity prediction that may arise due to vertical diffusion. The modeling system uses the Medium-Range Forecast parameterization scheme. Flight-level data collected by a NOAA WP-3D research aircraft during the eyewall penetration of category 5 Hurricane Hugo (1989) at an altitude of about 450–500 m and Hurricane Allen (1980) were used as the basis to best match the modeled eddy diffusivities with wind speed. While reduction of the eddy diffusivity to a quarter of its original value produced the best match with the observations, such a reduction revealed a significant decrease in the height of the inflow layer as well which, in turn, drastically affected the size and intensity changes in the modeled TC. The cross-isobaric flow (inflow) was observed to be stronger with the decrease in the inflow depth. Stronger inflow not only increased the spin of the storm, enhancing the generalized Coriolis term in the equations of motion for tangential velocity, but also resulted in enhanced equivalent potential temperature in the boundary layer, a stronger and warmer core, and, subsequently, a stronger storm. More importantly, rapid acceleration of the inflow not only produced a stronger outflow at the top of the inflow layer, more consistent with observations, but also a smaller inner core that was less than half the size of the original. |
Author | BAO, Jian-Wen MARKS, Frank XUEJIN ZHANG GOPALAKRISHNAN, Sundararaman G ZHANG, Jun A TALLAPRAGADA, Vijay |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sundararaman G surname: GOPALAKRISHNAN fullname: GOPALAKRISHNAN, Sundararaman G organization: NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory/Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida, United States – sequence: 2 givenname: Frank surname: MARKS fullname: MARKS, Frank organization: NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory/Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida, United States – sequence: 3 givenname: Jun A surname: ZHANG fullname: ZHANG, Jun A organization: Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, and NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory/Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida, United States – sequence: 4 surname: XUEJIN ZHANG fullname: XUEJIN ZHANG organization: Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, and NOAA/Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory/Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida, United States – sequence: 5 givenname: Jian-Wen surname: BAO fullname: BAO, Jian-Wen organization: NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, United States – sequence: 6 givenname: Vijay surname: TALLAPRAGADA fullname: TALLAPRAGADA, Vijay organization: NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Environmental Modeling Center, Washington, D.C, United States |
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Keywords | intensity Weather forecast parametrization hurricanes Severe weather Tropical cyclone Wind velocity Turbulent diffusion Modeling high resolution Medium range forecast |
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The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) system was used in an idealized framework to gain a fundamental understanding of the variability... The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) system was used in an idealized framework to gain a fundamental understanding of the variability in... |
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SubjectTerms | Acceleration Aircraft Atmosphere Boundary layers Cyclones Diffusion Earth, ocean, space Eddies Eddy diffusion Eddy diffusivity Equations of motion Equivalent potential temperature Estimates Exact sciences and technology External geophysics Hurricane research Hurricanes Inflow Laboratories Mathematical models Meteorology Outflow Parameterization Parametrization Potential temperature Reduction Research aircraft Storms Storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, thunderstorms Studies Tropical cyclone intensities Tropical cyclones Vertical diffusion Vortices Weather Weather analysis and prediction Weather forecasting Wind Wind speed |
Title | A Study of the Impacts of Vertical Diffusion on the Structure and Intensity of the Tropical Cyclones Using the High-Resolution HWRF System |
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