Kinetics, safety and tolerability of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate in healthy adult subjects

• Published in: Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology Vol. 63; no. 3; pp. 401 - 408
• Main Authors: Clarke, Kieran, Tchabanenko, Kirill, Pawlosky, Robert, Carter, Emma, Todd King, M., Musa-Veloso, Kathy, Ho, Manki, Roberts, Ashley, Robertson, Jeremy, VanItallie, Theodore B., Veech, Richard L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Inc 01.08.2012
• Subjects: (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate; 3-hydroxybutyric acid; Acetoacetate; Adolescent; Adult; adults; blood; body weight; cognition; Dietary Supplements; Female; gastrointestinal system; half life; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates - administration & dosage; Hydroxybutyrates - adverse effects; Hydroxybutyrates - pharmacokinetics; hyperketonemia; ingestion; ketogenic diet; Ketone; ketones; Ketones - blood; Kinetics; Male; Middle Aged; milk; Safety; Tolerability; volunteers; Young Adult; β-Hydroxybutyrate; Ketone monoester; Cl/F; Cmax; GC–MS; T1/2; ECG; Tolerability; Ketone; AUC; (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate; β-Hydroxybutyrate; bw; Tmax; Kinetics; Safety; TMS; Acetoacetate; BMI

► d-β-hydroxybutyrate-(R)-1,3-butanediol was given as a drink to healthy adults. ► Blood ketones were elevated, but the ketone monoester was not detected. ► The ketone monoester was well tolerated. ► Ingestion of the ketone monoester is a safe and viable way to elevate blood ketone concentrations. I...