Immune Effector Cell-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis-Like Syndrome

•Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like toxicities occur after CAR T-cells•This is now termed immune effector cell (IEC) associated HLH-like syndrome (IEC-HS)•Independent of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity, IEC-HS can be fatal•Consensus for identification and grading of IEC-...

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Published inTransplantation and cellular therapy Vol. 29; no. 7; pp. 438.e1 - 438.e16
Main Authors Hines, Melissa R., Knight, Tristan E., McNerney, Kevin O., Leick, Mark B., Jain, Tania, Ahmed, Sairah, Frigault, Matthew J., Hill, Joshua A., Jain, Michael D., Johnson, William T., Lin, Yi, Mahadeo, Kris M., Maron, Gabriela M., Marsh, Rebecca A., Neelapu, Sattva S., Nikiforow, Sarah, Ombrello, Amanda K., Shah, Nirav N., Talleur, Aimee C., Turicek, David, Vatsayan, Anant, Wong, Sandy W., Maus, Marcela V., Komanduri, Krishna V., Berliner, Nancy, Henter, Jan-Inge, Perales, Miguel-Angel, Frey, Noelle V., Teachey, David T., Frank, Matthew J., Shah, Nirali N.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States Elsevier Inc 01.07.2023
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2666-6367
2666-6375
2666-6367
DOI10.1016/j.jtct.2023.03.006

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Abstract •Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like toxicities occur after CAR T-cells•This is now termed immune effector cell (IEC) associated HLH-like syndrome (IEC-HS)•Independent of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity, IEC-HS can be fatal•Consensus for identification and grading of IEC-HS has been developed by experts•Treatment, supportive care, and future research are imperative to improving outcomes of IEC-HS T cell-mediated hyperinflammatory responses, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), are now well-established toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. As the field of CAR T cells advances, however, there is increasing recognition that hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like toxicities following CAR T cell infusion are occurring broadly across patient populations and CAR T cell constructs. Importantly, these HLH-like toxicities are often not as directly associated with CRS and/or its severity as initially described. This emergent toxicity, however ill-defined, is associated with life-threatening complications, creating an urgent need for improved identification and optimal management. With the goal of improving patient outcomes and formulating a framework to characterize and study this HLH-like syndrome, we established an American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy panel composed of experts in primary and secondary HLH, pediatric and adult HLH, infectious disease, rheumatology and hematology, oncology, and cellular therapy. Through this effort, we provide an overview of the underlying biology of classical primary and secondary HLH, explore its relationship with similar manifestations following CAR T cell infusions, and propose the term “immune effector cell-associated HLH-like syndrome (IEC-HS)” to describe this emergent toxicity. We also delineate a framework for identifying IEC-HS and put forward a grading schema that can be used to assess severity and facilitate cross-trial comparisons. Additionally, given the critical need to optimize outcomes for patients experiencing IEC-HS, we provide insight into potential treatment approaches and strategies to optimize supportive care and delineate alternate etiologies that should be considered in a patient presenting with IEC-HS. By collectively defining IEC-HS as a hyperinflammatory toxicity, we can now embark on further study of the pathophysiology underlying this toxicity profile and make strides toward a more comprehensive assessment and treatment approach.
AbstractList T cell-mediated hyperinflammatory responses, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), are now well-established toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. As the field of CAR T cells advances, however, there is increasing recognition that hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like toxicities following CAR T cell infusion are occurring broadly across patient populations and CAR T cell constructs. Importantly, these HLH-like toxicities are often not as directly associated with CRS and/or its severity as initially described. This emergent toxicity, however ill-defined, is associated with life-threatening complications, creating an urgent need for improved identification and optimal management. With the goal of improving patient outcomes and formulating a framework to characterize and study this HLH-like syndrome, we established an American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy panel composed of experts in primary and secondary HLH, pediatric and adult HLH, infectious disease, rheumatology and hematology, oncology, and cellular therapy. Through this effort, we provide an overview of the underlying biology of classical primary and secondary HLH, explore its relationship with similar manifestations following CAR T cell infusions, and propose the term "immune effector cell-associated HLH-like syndrome (IEC-HS)" to describe this emergent toxicity. We also delineate a framework for identifying IEC-HS and put forward a grading schema that can be used to assess severity and facilitate cross-trial comparisons. Additionally, given the critical need to optimize outcomes for patients experiencing IEC-HS, we provide insight into potential treatment approaches and strategies to optimize supportive care and delineate alternate etiologies that should be considered in a patient presenting with IEC-HS. By collectively defining IEC-HS as a hyperinflammatory toxicity, we can now embark on further study of the pathophysiology underlying this toxicity profile and make strides toward a more comprehensive assessment and treatment approach.
•Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like toxicities occur after CAR T-cells•This is now termed immune effector cell (IEC) associated HLH-like syndrome (IEC-HS)•Independent of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity, IEC-HS can be fatal•Consensus for identification and grading of IEC-HS has been developed by experts•Treatment, supportive care, and future research are imperative to improving outcomes of IEC-HS T cell-mediated hyperinflammatory responses, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), are now well-established toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. As the field of CAR T cells advances, however, there is increasing recognition that hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like toxicities following CAR T cell infusion are occurring broadly across patient populations and CAR T cell constructs. Importantly, these HLH-like toxicities are often not as directly associated with CRS and/or its severity as initially described. This emergent toxicity, however ill-defined, is associated with life-threatening complications, creating an urgent need for improved identification and optimal management. With the goal of improving patient outcomes and formulating a framework to characterize and study this HLH-like syndrome, we established an American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy panel composed of experts in primary and secondary HLH, pediatric and adult HLH, infectious disease, rheumatology and hematology, oncology, and cellular therapy. Through this effort, we provide an overview of the underlying biology of classical primary and secondary HLH, explore its relationship with similar manifestations following CAR T cell infusions, and propose the term “immune effector cell-associated HLH-like syndrome (IEC-HS)” to describe this emergent toxicity. We also delineate a framework for identifying IEC-HS and put forward a grading schema that can be used to assess severity and facilitate cross-trial comparisons. Additionally, given the critical need to optimize outcomes for patients experiencing IEC-HS, we provide insight into potential treatment approaches and strategies to optimize supportive care and delineate alternate etiologies that should be considered in a patient presenting with IEC-HS. By collectively defining IEC-HS as a hyperinflammatory toxicity, we can now embark on further study of the pathophysiology underlying this toxicity profile and make strides toward a more comprehensive assessment and treatment approach.
T cell-mediated hyperinflammatory responses, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), are now well-established toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. As the field of CAR T cells advances, however, there is increasing recognition that hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like toxicities following CAR T cell infusion are occurring broadly across patient populations and CAR T cell constructs. Importantly, these HLH-like toxicities are often not as directly associated with CRS and/or its severity as initially described. This emergent toxicity, however ill-defined, is associated with life-threatening complications, creating an urgent need for improved identification and optimal management. With the goal of improving patient outcomes and formulating a framework to characterize and study this HLH-like syndrome, we established an American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy panel composed of experts in primary and secondary HLH, pediatric and adult HLH, infectious disease, rheumatology and hematology, oncology, and cellular therapy. Through this effort, we provide an overview of the underlying biology of classical primary and secondary HLH, explore its relationship with similar manifestations following CAR T cell infusions, and propose the term "immune effector cell-associated HLH-like syndrome (IEC-HS)" to describe this emergent toxicity. We also delineate a framework for identifying IEC-HS and put forward a grading schema that can be used to assess severity and facilitate cross-trial comparisons. Additionally, given the critical need to optimize outcomes for patients experiencing IEC-HS, we provide insight into potential treatment approaches and strategies to optimize supportive care and delineate alternate etiologies that should be considered in a patient presenting with IEC-HS. By collectively defining IEC-HS as a hyperinflammatory toxicity, we can now embark on further study of the pathophysiology underlying this toxicity profile and make strides toward a more comprehensive assessment and treatment approach.T cell-mediated hyperinflammatory responses, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), are now well-established toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. As the field of CAR T cells advances, however, there is increasing recognition that hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like toxicities following CAR T cell infusion are occurring broadly across patient populations and CAR T cell constructs. Importantly, these HLH-like toxicities are often not as directly associated with CRS and/or its severity as initially described. This emergent toxicity, however ill-defined, is associated with life-threatening complications, creating an urgent need for improved identification and optimal management. With the goal of improving patient outcomes and formulating a framework to characterize and study this HLH-like syndrome, we established an American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy panel composed of experts in primary and secondary HLH, pediatric and adult HLH, infectious disease, rheumatology and hematology, oncology, and cellular therapy. Through this effort, we provide an overview of the underlying biology of classical primary and secondary HLH, explore its relationship with similar manifestations following CAR T cell infusions, and propose the term "immune effector cell-associated HLH-like syndrome (IEC-HS)" to describe this emergent toxicity. We also delineate a framework for identifying IEC-HS and put forward a grading schema that can be used to assess severity and facilitate cross-trial comparisons. Additionally, given the critical need to optimize outcomes for patients experiencing IEC-HS, we provide insight into potential treatment approaches and strategies to optimize supportive care and delineate alternate etiologies that should be considered in a patient presenting with IEC-HS. By collectively defining IEC-HS as a hyperinflammatory toxicity, we can now embark on further study of the pathophysiology underlying this toxicity profile and make strides toward a more comprehensive assessment and treatment approach.
Author Hines, Melissa R.
Marsh, Rebecca A.
Perales, Miguel-Angel
Teachey, David T.
Johnson, William T.
Maron, Gabriela M.
Berliner, Nancy
Shah, Nirav N.
Jain, Tania
Nikiforow, Sarah
Knight, Tristan E.
Neelapu, Sattva S.
Vatsayan, Anant
Leick, Mark B.
Frank, Matthew J.
Frigault, Matthew J.
Mahadeo, Kris M.
Turicek, David
Wong, Sandy W.
Komanduri, Krishna V.
Frey, Noelle V.
Shah, Nirali N.
McNerney, Kevin O.
Talleur, Aimee C.
Jain, Michael D.
Maus, Marcela V.
Ombrello, Amanda K.
Lin, Yi
Ahmed, Sairah
Hill, Joshua A.
Henter, Jan-Inge
AuthorAffiliation 15 Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
19 Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC
22 Division of Pediatric Oncology and Surgery, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, and Department of Paediatric Oncology, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
3 Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
16 Bone Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
26 Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
5 Division of Hematological Malignancies and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
11 Pedi
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  email: Nirali.Shah@nih.gov
  organization: Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36906275$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell
Macrophage activation syndrome
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Snippet •Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like toxicities occur after CAR T-cells•This is now termed immune effector cell (IEC) associated HLH-like syndrome...
T cell-mediated hyperinflammatory responses, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), are...
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SubjectTerms Adult
Child
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell
Cytokine Release Syndrome - complications
Cytokine Release Syndrome - therapy
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Humans
Immunotherapy, Adoptive - adverse effects
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic - etiology
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic - therapy
Macrophage activation syndrome
Neurotoxicity Syndromes - etiology
T-Lymphocytes
United States
Title Immune Effector Cell-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis-Like Syndrome
URI https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S2666636723011648
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtct.2023.03.006
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36906275
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2786098089
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC10330221
Volume 29
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