Global Carbon Budget 2021

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate...

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Published inEarth system science data Vol. 14; no. 4; pp. 1917 - 2005
Main Authors Friedlingstein, Pierre, Jones, Matthew W., O'Sullivan, Michael, Andrew, Robbie M., Bakker, Dorothee C. E., Hauck, Judith, Le Quéré, Corinne, Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Rob B., Alin, Simone R., Anthoni, Peter, Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bopp, Laurent, Chau, Thi Tuyet Trang, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Currie, Kim I., Decharme, Bertrand, Djeutchouang, Laique M., Dou, Xinyu, Evans, Wiley, Feely, Richard A., Feng, Liang, Gasser, Thomas, Gilfillan, Dennis, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Grassi, Giacomo, Gregor, Luke, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Jain, Atul, Jones, Steve D., Kato, Etsushi, Kennedy, Daniel, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lauvset, Siv K., Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lienert, Sebastian, Liu, Junjie, Marland, Gregg, McGuire, Patrick C., Melton, Joe R., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, Ono, Tsuneo, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Séférian, Roland, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Tanhua, Toste, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco, van der Werf, Guido R., Vuichard, Nicolas, Wada, Chisato, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watson, Andrew J., Willis, David, Wiltshire, Andrew J., Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Chao, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Jiye
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Katlenburg-Lindau Copernicus GmbH 26.04.2022
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Abstract Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.8 GtC yr−1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.8 % (4.2 % to 5.4 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).
AbstractList Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress.For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr-1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr-1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1, and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr-1, with a BIM of -0.8 GtC yr-1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.8 % (4.2 % to 5.4 %) globally.Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr-1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at 10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO.sub.2 emissions (E.sub.FOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (E.sub.LUC ), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO.sub.2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (G.sub.ATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO.sub.2 sink (S.sub.OCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO.sub.2 sink (S.sub.LAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (B.sub.IM ), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1Ï. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our E.sub.LUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress.
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr-1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr-1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1, and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr-1, with a BIM of -0.8 GtC yr-1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.8 % (4.2 % to 5.4 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr-1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO 2 emissions ( EFOS ) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change ( ELUC ), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO 2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate ( GATM ) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO 2 sink ( SOCEAN ) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO 2 sink ( SLAND ) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance ( BIM ), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ± 1 σ . For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5  ±  0.5 GtC yr −1 (9.3  ±  0.5 GtC yr −1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 0.9  ±  0.7 GtC yr −1 , for a total anthropogenic CO 2 emission of 10.2  ±  0.8 GtC yr −1 (37.4  ±  2.9 GtCO 2 ). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0  ±  0.2 GtC yr −1 (2.4  ±  0.1 ppm yr −1 ), SOCEAN was 3.0  ±  0.4 GtC yr −1 , and SLAND was 2.9  ±  1 GtC yr −1 , with a BIM of − 0.8 GtC yr −1 . The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45  ±  0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of + 4.8 % (4.2 % to 5.4 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr −1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO 2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO 2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.8 GtC yr−1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.8 % (4.2 % to 5.4 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.8 GtC yr−1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.8 % (4.2 % to 5.4 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO.sub.2 emissions (E.sub.FOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (E.sub.LUC ), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO.sub.2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (G.sub.ATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO.sub.2 sink (S.sub.OCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO.sub.2 sink (S.sub.LAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (B.sub.IM ), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1Ï. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our E.sub.LUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, E.sub.FOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr.sup.-1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr.sup.-1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and E.sub.LUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr.sup.-1, for a total anthropogenic CO.sub.2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr.sup.-1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO.sub.2). Also, for 2020, G.sub.ATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr.sup.-1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr.sup.-1 ), S.sub.OCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr.sup.-1, and S.sub.LAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr.sup.-1, with a B.sub.IM of -0.8 GtC yr.sup.-1 . The global atmospheric CO.sub.2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in E.sub.FOS relative to 2020 of +4.8 % (4.2 % to 5.4 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr.sup.-1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO.sub.2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO.sub.2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at
Audience Academic
Author Tanhua, Toste
Feely, Richard A.
Chevallier, Frédéric
Tian, Hanqin
Gregor, Luke
Wiltshire, Andrew J.
Jones, Matthew W.
Munro, David R.
Lauvset, Siv K.
Chini, Louise P.
Currie, Kim I.
Ilyina, Tatiana
Tans, Pieter P.
Gruber, Nicolas
Knauer, Jürgen
Poulter, Benjamin
Peters, Wouter
McGuire, Patrick C.
Houghton, Richard A.
Harris, Ian
Luijkx, Ingrid T.
Gilfillan, Dennis
Rödenbeck, Christian
Watson, Andrew J.
Wanninkhof, Rik
Peters, Glen P.
Djeutchouang, Laique M.
Resplandy, Laure
Liu, Junjie
Jackson, Rob B.
Chau, Thi Tuyet Trang
Hurtt, George C.
Robertson, Eddy
Evans, Wiley
Jain, Atul
Marland, Gregg
Sweeney, Colm
Dou, Xinyu
Le Quéré, Corinne
Zaehle, Sönke
Friedlingstein, Pierre
Becker, Meike
Korsbakken, Jan Ivar
Sitch, Stephen
Feng, Liang
Kato, Etsushi
Yuan, Wenping
O'Sullivan, Michael
Körtzinger, Arne
Rehder, Gregor
Andrew, Robbie M.
Decharme, Bertrand
Pierrot, Denis
Ono, Tsuneo
Nabel, Julia E. M. S.
Kennedy, Daniel
Lefèvre, Nathalie
Lienert, Sebastian
Yue, Chao
Tubiello, Francesco
Zeng, Jiye
Bopp, Laurent
Gkritzalis, Thanos
Ciais, Philippe
Rosan, Thais
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  surname: O'Sullivan
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-8283-1910
  surname: Alin
  fullname: Alin, Simone R.
– sequence: 16
  givenname: Peter
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5459-6506
  surname: Anthoni
  fullname: Anthoni, Peter
– sequence: 17
  givenname: Nicholas R.
  surname: Bates
  fullname: Bates, Nicholas R.
– sequence: 18
  givenname: Meike
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7650-0923
  surname: Becker
  fullname: Becker, Meike
– sequence: 19
  givenname: Nicolas
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2109-9559
  surname: Bellouin
  fullname: Bellouin, Nicolas
– sequence: 20
  givenname: Laurent
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4732-4953
  surname: Bopp
  fullname: Bopp, Laurent
– sequence: 21
  givenname: Thi Tuyet Trang
  orcidid: 0000-0003-0102-7427
  surname: Chau
  fullname: Chau, Thi Tuyet Trang
– sequence: 22
  givenname: Frédéric
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4327-3813
  surname: Chevallier
  fullname: Chevallier, Frédéric
– sequence: 23
  givenname: Louise P.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9070-3505
  surname: Chini
  fullname: Chini, Louise P.
– sequence: 24
  givenname: Margot
  surname: Cronin
  fullname: Cronin, Margot
– sequence: 25
  givenname: Kim I.
  surname: Currie
  fullname: Currie, Kim I.
– sequence: 26
  givenname: Bertrand
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8661-1464
  surname: Decharme
  fullname: Decharme, Bertrand
– sequence: 27
  givenname: Laique M.
  surname: Djeutchouang
  fullname: Djeutchouang, Laique M.
– sequence: 28
  givenname: Xinyu
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7783-6971
  surname: Dou
  fullname: Dou, Xinyu
– sequence: 29
  givenname: Wiley
  orcidid: 0000-0002-5450-0903
  surname: Evans
  fullname: Evans, Wiley
– sequence: 30
  givenname: Richard A.
  surname: Feely
  fullname: Feely, Richard A.
– sequence: 31
  givenname: Liang
  surname: Feng
  fullname: Feng, Liang
– sequence: 32
  givenname: Thomas
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4882-2647
  surname: Gasser
  fullname: Gasser, Thomas
– sequence: 33
  givenname: Dennis
  surname: Gilfillan
  fullname: Gilfillan, Dennis
– sequence: 34
  givenname: Thanos
  surname: Gkritzalis
  fullname: Gkritzalis, Thanos
– sequence: 35
  givenname: Giacomo
  surname: Grassi
  fullname: Grassi, Giacomo
– sequence: 36
  givenname: Luke
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6071-1857
  surname: Gregor
  fullname: Gregor, Luke
– sequence: 37
  givenname: Nicolas
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2085-2310
  surname: Gruber
  fullname: Gruber, Nicolas
– sequence: 38
  givenname: Özgür
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0646-5760
  surname: Gürses
  fullname: Gürses, Özgür
– sequence: 39
  givenname: Ian
  surname: Harris
  fullname: Harris, Ian
– sequence: 40
  givenname: Richard A.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3298-7028
  surname: Houghton
  fullname: Houghton, Richard A.
– sequence: 41
  givenname: George C.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7278-202X
  surname: Hurtt
  fullname: Hurtt, George C.
– sequence: 42
  givenname: Yosuke
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5711-1375
  surname: Iida
  fullname: Iida, Yosuke
– sequence: 43
  givenname: Tatiana
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3475-4842
  surname: Ilyina
  fullname: Ilyina, Tatiana
– sequence: 44
  givenname: Ingrid T.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3990-6737
  surname: Luijkx
  fullname: Luijkx, Ingrid T.
– sequence: 45
  givenname: Atul
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4051-3228
  surname: Jain
  fullname: Jain, Atul
– sequence: 46
  givenname: Steve D.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-0522-9851
  surname: Jones
  fullname: Jones, Steve D.
– sequence: 47
  givenname: Etsushi
  orcidid: 0000-0001-8814-804X
  surname: Kato
  fullname: Kato, Etsushi
– sequence: 48
  givenname: Daniel
  surname: Kennedy
  fullname: Kennedy, Daniel
– sequence: 49
  givenname: Kees
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2714-7507
  surname: Klein Goldewijk
  fullname: Klein Goldewijk, Kees
– sequence: 50
  givenname: Jürgen
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4947-7067
  surname: Knauer
  fullname: Knauer, Jürgen
– sequence: 51
  givenname: Jan Ivar
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2939-9778
  surname: Korsbakken
  fullname: Korsbakken, Jan Ivar
– sequence: 52
  givenname: Arne
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8181-3593
  surname: Körtzinger
  fullname: Körtzinger, Arne
– sequence: 53
  givenname: Peter
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7398-3293
  surname: Landschützer
  fullname: Landschützer, Peter
– sequence: 54
  givenname: Siv K.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-8498-4067
  surname: Lauvset
  fullname: Lauvset, Siv K.
– sequence: 55
  givenname: Nathalie
  surname: Lefèvre
  fullname: Lefèvre, Nathalie
– sequence: 56
  givenname: Sebastian
  surname: Lienert
  fullname: Lienert, Sebastian
– sequence: 57
  givenname: Junjie
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7184-6594
  surname: Liu
  fullname: Liu, Junjie
– sequence: 58
  givenname: Gregg
  surname: Marland
  fullname: Marland, Gregg
– sequence: 59
  givenname: Patrick C.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6592-4966
  surname: McGuire
  fullname: McGuire, Patrick C.
– sequence: 60
  givenname: Joe R.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9414-064X
  surname: Melton
  fullname: Melton, Joe R.
– sequence: 61
  givenname: David R.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1373-7402
  surname: Munro
  fullname: Munro, David R.
– sequence: 62
  givenname: Julia E. M. S.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8122-5206
  surname: Nabel
  fullname: Nabel, Julia E. M. S.
– sequence: 63
  givenname: Shin-Ichiro
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3870-1721
  surname: Nakaoka
  fullname: Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro
– sequence: 64
  givenname: Yosuke
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7600-9816
  surname: Niwa
  fullname: Niwa, Yosuke
– sequence: 65
  givenname: Tsuneo
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3472-5731
  surname: Ono
  fullname: Ono, Tsuneo
– sequence: 66
  givenname: Denis
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0374-3825
  surname: Pierrot
  fullname: Pierrot, Denis
– sequence: 67
  givenname: Benjamin
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9493-8600
  surname: Poulter
  fullname: Poulter, Benjamin
– sequence: 68
  givenname: Gregor
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0597-9989
  surname: Rehder
  fullname: Rehder, Gregor
– sequence: 69
  givenname: Laure
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1212-3943
  surname: Resplandy
  fullname: Resplandy, Laure
– sequence: 70
  givenname: Eddy
  surname: Robertson
  fullname: Robertson, Eddy
– sequence: 71
  givenname: Christian
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6011-6249
  surname: Rödenbeck
  fullname: Rödenbeck, Christian
– sequence: 72
  givenname: Thais M.
  orcidid: 0000-0003-0155-1739
  surname: Rosan
  fullname: Rosan, Thais M.
– sequence: 73
  givenname: Jörg
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7525-6882
  surname: Schwinger
  fullname: Schwinger, Jörg
– sequence: 74
  givenname: Clemens
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4048-3011
  surname: Schwingshackl
  fullname: Schwingshackl, Clemens
– sequence: 75
  givenname: Roland
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2571-2114
  surname: Séférian
  fullname: Séférian, Roland
– sequence: 76
  givenname: Adrienne J.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7414-7035
  surname: Sutton
  fullname: Sutton, Adrienne J.
– sequence: 77
  givenname: Colm
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4517-0797
  surname: Sweeney
  fullname: Sweeney, Colm
– sequence: 78
  givenname: Toste
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0313-2557
  surname: Tanhua
  fullname: Tanhua, Toste
– sequence: 79
  givenname: Pieter P.
  surname: Tans
  fullname: Tans, Pieter P.
– sequence: 80
  givenname: Hanqin
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1806-4091
  surname: Tian
  fullname: Tian, Hanqin
– sequence: 81
  givenname: Bronte
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9385-3827
  surname: Tilbrook
  fullname: Tilbrook, Bronte
– sequence: 82
  givenname: Francesco
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4617-4690
  surname: Tubiello
  fullname: Tubiello, Francesco
– sequence: 83
  givenname: Guido R.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9042-8630
  surname: van der Werf
  fullname: van der Werf, Guido R.
– sequence: 84
  givenname: Nicolas
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3397-7948
  surname: Vuichard
  fullname: Vuichard, Nicolas
– sequence: 85
  givenname: Chisato
  surname: Wada
  fullname: Wada, Chisato
– sequence: 86
  givenname: Rik
  surname: Wanninkhof
  fullname: Wanninkhof, Rik
– sequence: 87
  givenname: Andrew J.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9654-8147
  surname: Watson
  fullname: Watson, Andrew J.
– sequence: 88
  givenname: David
  surname: Willis
  fullname: Willis, David
– sequence: 89
  givenname: Andrew J.
  surname: Wiltshire
  fullname: Wiltshire, Andrew J.
– sequence: 90
  givenname: Wenping
  surname: Yuan
  fullname: Yuan, Wenping
– sequence: 91
  givenname: Chao
  orcidid: 0000-0003-0026-237X
  surname: Yue
  fullname: Yue, Chao
– sequence: 92
  givenname: Xu
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8861-8192
  surname: Yue
  fullname: Yue, Xu
– sequence: 93
  givenname: Sönke
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5602-7956
  surname: Zaehle
  fullname: Zaehle, Sönke
– sequence: 94
  givenname: Jiye
  surname: Zeng
  fullname: Zeng, Jiye
BackLink https://insu.hal.science/insu-03668388$$DView record in HAL
https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1883624$$D View this record in Osti.gov
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SSID ssj0064175
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Snippet Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a...
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a...
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a...
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a...
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SubjectTerms Air pollution
Anthropogenic factors
Atmosphere
Atmospheric models
Biogeochemistry
Biosphere
Budget
Carbon
Carbon budget
Carbon cycle
Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry)
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide emissions
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Chemical oceanography
Climate change
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Components
Concrete
Datasets
Deforestation
Documents
Emission inventories
Emissions
Estimates
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Future climates
Global temperature changes
Greenhouse gases
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Uncertainty
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Title Global Carbon Budget 2021
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