Selenium, Iodine and Iron-Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism

The adequate availability and metabolism of three essential trace elements, iodine, selenium and iron, provide the basic requirements for the function and action of the thyroid hormone system in humans, vertebrate animals and their evolutionary precursors. Selenocysteine-containing proteins convey b...

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Published inInternational journal of molecular sciences Vol. 24; no. 4; p. 3393
Main Author Köhrle, Josef
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 01.02.2023
MDPI
Subjects
Animals
Biosynthesis
Consumption
deiodinases
Disease prevention
Enzymes
essential trace elements
Follicles
Genetic disorders
Hormones
Humans
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen Peroxide - metabolism
Hypothalamus
Hypothyroidism
Iodide peroxidase
Iodide Peroxidase - metabolism
Iodides - metabolism
Iodine
Iodine - metabolism
Iron
Iron - metabolism
Metabolic disorders
Metabolism
Negative feedback
Physiological aspects
Pituitary
Pituitary hormones
Review
Salt
Selenium
Selenium - metabolism
Selenocysteine
Selenoproteins
Selenoproteins - metabolism
Structure-function relationships
Thyrocytes
Thyroglobulin
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid diseases
Thyroid gland
Thyroid Gland - metabolism
thyroid hormone system
Thyroid hormones
Thyroid Hormones - metabolism
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin
Trace elements
Trace Elements - metabolism
Vertebrates
Serbia
Switzerland
thyroid hormone system
thyroperoxidase
gene variants
SELENOP (selenoprotein P)
biomarker
thioredoxin reductase
selenium
genetic predisposition
hemoprotein
deiodinases
iron
iodine
essential trace elements
glutathione peroxidase
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Abstract The adequate availability and metabolism of three essential trace elements, iodine, selenium and iron, provide the basic requirements for the function and action of the thyroid hormone system in humans, vertebrate animals and their evolutionary precursors. Selenocysteine-containing proteins convey both cellular protection along with H O -dependent biosynthesis and the deiodinase-mediated (in-)activation of thyroid hormones, which is critical for their receptor-mediated mechanism of cellular action. Disbalances between the thyroidal content of these elements challenge the negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid periphery axis, causing or facilitating common diseases related to disturbed thyroid hormone status such as autoimmune thyroid disease and metabolic disorders. Iodide is accumulated by the sodium-iodide-symporter NIS, and oxidized and incorporated into thyroglobulin by the hemoprotein thyroperoxidase, which requires local H O as cofactor. The latter is generated by the dual oxidase system organized as 'thyroxisome' at the surface of the apical membrane facing the colloidal lumen of the thyroid follicles. Various selenoproteins expressed in thyrocytes defend the follicular structure and function against life-long exposure to H O and reactive oxygen species derived therefrom. The pituitary hormone thyrotropin (TSH) stimulates all processes required for thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion and regulates thyrocyte growth, differentiation and function. Worldwide deficiencies of nutritional iodine, selenium and iron supply and the resulting endemic diseases are preventable with educational, societal and political measures.
AbstractList The adequate availability and metabolism of three essential trace elements, iodine, selenium and iron, provide the basic requirements for the function and action of the thyroid hormone system in humans, vertebrate animals and their evolutionary precursors. Selenocysteine-containing proteins convey both cellular protection along with H2O2-dependent biosynthesis and the deiodinase-mediated (in-)activation of thyroid hormones, which is critical for their receptor-mediated mechanism of cellular action. Disbalances between the thyroidal content of these elements challenge the negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid periphery axis, causing or facilitating common diseases related to disturbed thyroid hormone status such as autoimmune thyroid disease and metabolic disorders. Iodide is accumulated by the sodium-iodide-symporter NIS, and oxidized and incorporated into thyroglobulin by the hemoprotein thyroperoxidase, which requires local H2O2 as cofactor. The latter is generated by the dual oxidase system organized as ‘thyroxisome’ at the surface of the apical membrane facing the colloidal lumen of the thyroid follicles. Various selenoproteins expressed in thyrocytes defend the follicular structure and function against life-long exposure to H2O2 and reactive oxygen species derived therefrom. The pituitary hormone thyrotropin (TSH) stimulates all processes required for thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion and regulates thyrocyte growth, differentiation and function. Worldwide deficiencies of nutritional iodine, selenium and iron supply and the resulting endemic diseases are preventable with educational, societal and political measures.
The adequate availability and metabolism of three essential trace elements, iodine, selenium and iron, provide the basic requirements for the function and action of the thyroid hormone system in humans, vertebrate animals and their evolutionary precursors. Selenocysteine-containing proteins convey both cellular protection along with H O -dependent biosynthesis and the deiodinase-mediated (in-)activation of thyroid hormones, which is critical for their receptor-mediated mechanism of cellular action. Disbalances between the thyroidal content of these elements challenge the negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid periphery axis, causing or facilitating common diseases related to disturbed thyroid hormone status such as autoimmune thyroid disease and metabolic disorders. Iodide is accumulated by the sodium-iodide-symporter NIS, and oxidized and incorporated into thyroglobulin by the hemoprotein thyroperoxidase, which requires local H O as cofactor. The latter is generated by the dual oxidase system organized as 'thyroxisome' at the surface of the apical membrane facing the colloidal lumen of the thyroid follicles. Various selenoproteins expressed in thyrocytes defend the follicular structure and function against life-long exposure to H O and reactive oxygen species derived therefrom. The pituitary hormone thyrotropin (TSH) stimulates all processes required for thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion and regulates thyrocyte growth, differentiation and function. Worldwide deficiencies of nutritional iodine, selenium and iron supply and the resulting endemic diseases are preventable with educational, societal and political measures.
The adequate availability and metabolism of three essential trace elements, iodine, selenium and iron, provide the basic requirements for the function and action of the thyroid hormone system in humans, vertebrate animals and their evolutionary precursors. Selenocysteine-containing proteins convey both cellular protection along with H 2 O 2 -dependent biosynthesis and the deiodinase-mediated (in-)activation of thyroid hormones, which is critical for their receptor-mediated mechanism of cellular action. Disbalances between the thyroidal content of these elements challenge the negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid periphery axis, causing or facilitating common diseases related to disturbed thyroid hormone status such as autoimmune thyroid disease and metabolic disorders. Iodide is accumulated by the sodium-iodide-symporter NIS, and oxidized and incorporated into thyroglobulin by the hemoprotein thyroperoxidase, which requires local H 2 O 2 as cofactor. The latter is generated by the dual oxidase system organized as ‘thyroxisome’ at the surface of the apical membrane facing the colloidal lumen of the thyroid follicles. Various selenoproteins expressed in thyrocytes defend the follicular structure and function against life-long exposure to H 2 O 2 and reactive oxygen species derived therefrom. The pituitary hormone thyrotropin (TSH) stimulates all processes required for thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion and regulates thyrocyte growth, differentiation and function. Worldwide deficiencies of nutritional iodine, selenium and iron supply and the resulting endemic diseases are preventable with educational, societal and political measures.
The adequate availability and metabolism of three essential trace elements, iodine, selenium and iron, provide the basic requirements for the function and action of the thyroid hormone system in humans, vertebrate animals and their evolutionary precursors. Selenocysteine-containing proteins convey both cellular protection along with H[sub.2]O[sub.2]-dependent biosynthesis and the deiodinase-mediated (in-)activation of thyroid hormones, which is critical for their receptor-mediated mechanism of cellular action. Disbalances between the thyroidal content of these elements challenge the negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid periphery axis, causing or facilitating common diseases related to disturbed thyroid hormone status such as autoimmune thyroid disease and metabolic disorders. Iodide is accumulated by the sodium-iodide-symporter NIS, and oxidized and incorporated into thyroglobulin by the hemoprotein thyroperoxidase, which requires local H[sub.2]O[sub.2] as cofactor. The latter is generated by the dual oxidase system organized as 'thyroxisome' at the surface of the apical membrane facing the colloidal lumen of the thyroid follicles. Various selenoproteins expressed in thyrocytes defend the follicular structure and function against life-long exposure to H[sub.2]O[sub.2] and reactive oxygen species derived therefrom. The pituitary hormone thyrotropin (TSH) stimulates all processes required for thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion and regulates thyrocyte growth, differentiation and function. Worldwide deficiencies of nutritional iodine, selenium and iron supply and the resulting endemic diseases are preventable with educational, societal and political measures.
Audience Academic
Author Köhrle, Josef
AuthorAffiliation Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; josef.koehrle@charite.de
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; josef.koehrle@charite.de
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  givenname: Josef
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9187-9078
  surname: Köhrle
  fullname: Köhrle, Josef
  organization: Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36834802$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 4
Keywords thyroid hormone system
thyroperoxidase
gene variants
SELENOP (selenoprotein P)
biomarker
thioredoxin reductase
selenium
genetic predisposition
hemoprotein
deiodinases
iron
iodine
essential trace elements
glutathione peroxidase
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Snippet The adequate availability and metabolism of three essential trace elements, iodine, selenium and iron, provide the basic requirements for the function and...
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StartPage 3393
SubjectTerms Animals
Biosynthesis
Consumption
deiodinases
Disease prevention
Enzymes
essential trace elements
Follicles
Genetic disorders
Hormones
Humans
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen Peroxide - metabolism
Hypothalamus
Hypothyroidism
Iodide peroxidase
Iodide Peroxidase - metabolism
Iodides - metabolism
Iodine
Iodine - metabolism
Iron
Iron - metabolism
Metabolic disorders
Metabolism
Negative feedback
Physiological aspects
Pituitary
Pituitary hormones
Review
Salt
Selenium
Selenium - metabolism
Selenocysteine
Selenoproteins
Selenoproteins - metabolism
Structure-function relationships
Thyrocytes
Thyroglobulin
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid diseases
Thyroid gland
Thyroid Gland - metabolism
thyroid hormone system
Thyroid hormones
Thyroid Hormones - metabolism
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin
Trace elements
Trace Elements - metabolism
Vertebrates
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Title Selenium, Iodine and Iron-Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36834802
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Volume 24
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