Hedgehog transcriptional effector GLI mediates mTOR-Induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer organoids
Tumors evade immune surveillance by expressing Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), subsequently inhibiting CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte function. Response of gastric cancer to immunotherapy is relatively low. Our laboratory has reported that Helicobacter pylori-induced PD-L1 expression within the gast...
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Published in | Cancer letters Vol. 518; pp. 59 - 71 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Ireland
Elsevier B.V
10.10.2021
Elsevier Limited |
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Abstract | Tumors evade immune surveillance by expressing Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), subsequently inhibiting CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte function. Response of gastric cancer to immunotherapy is relatively low. Our laboratory has reported that Helicobacter pylori-induced PD-L1 expression within the gastric epithelium is mediated by the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in gastric cancer and may have immunomodulatory potential. We hypothesize that Hh signaling mediates mTOR-induced PD-L1 expression. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) were generated from gastric biopsies and resected tumor tissues. Autologous organoid/immune cell co-cultures were used to study the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. NanoString Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) of immune-related protein markers using FFPE slide-mounted tissues from gastric cancer patients was performed. DSP analysis showed infiltration of immunosuppressive MDSCs expressing Arg1, CD66b, VISTA and IDO1 within cancer tissues. Orthotopic transplantation of patient derived organoids (PDOs) resulted in the engraftment of organoids and the development of histology similar to that observed in the patient's tumor tissue. PDO/immune cell co-cultures revealed that PD-L1-expressing organoids were unresponsive to nivolumab in vitro in the presence of PMN-MDSCs. Depletion of PMN-MDSCs within these co-cultures sensitized the organoids to anti-PD-1/PD-L1-induced cancer cell death. Rapamycin decreased phosphorylated S6K, Gli2 and PD-L1 expression in PDO/immune cell co-cultures. Transcriptional regulation of PD-L1 by GLI1 and GLI2 was blocked by rapamycin. In conclusion, the PDO/immune cell co-cultures may be used to study immunosuppressive MDSC function within the gastric tumor microenvironment. The mTOR signaling pathway mediates GLI-induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer.
•Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulate within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and may contribute to resistance to immunotherapy.•The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in gastric cancer and may have immunomodulatory potential.•An autologous cancer PDO/immune cell co-culture system may be used to investigate PD-L1/PD-1 blockade together with the inhibition of immunosuppressive cells MDSCs.•The mTOR pathway mediates the non-canonical Hedgehog signaling cascade to induce PD-L1 expression.•The mTOR signaling pathway may be targeted to decrease PD-L1 expression and increase response to immunotherapy in gastric cancer. |
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AbstractList | Tumors evade immune surveillance by expressing Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), subsequently inhibiting CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte function. Response of gastric cancer to immunotherapy is relatively low. Our laboratory has reported that Helicobacter pylori-induced PD-L1 expression within the gastric epithelium is mediated by the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in gastric cancer and may have immunomodulatory potential. We hypothesize that Hh signaling mediates mTOR-induced PD-L1 expression. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) were generated from gastric biopsies and resected tumor tissues. Autologous organoid/immune cell co-cultures were used to study the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. NanoString Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) of immune-related protein markers using FFPE slide-mounted tissues from gastric cancer patients was performed. DSP analysis showed infiltration of immunosuppressive MDSCs expressing Arg1, CD66b, VISTA and IDO1 within cancer tissues. Orthotopic transplantation of patient derived organoids (PDOs) resulted in the engraftment of organoids and the development of histology similar to that observed in the patient's tumor tissue. PDO/immune cell co-cultures revealed that PD-L1-expressing organoids were unresponsive to nivolumab in vitro in the presence of PMN-MDSCs. Depletion of PMN-MDSCs within these co-cultures sensitized the organoids to anti-PD-1/PD-L1-induced cancer cell death. Rapamycin decreased phosphorylated S6K, Gli2 and PD-L1 expression in PDO/immune cell co-cultures. Transcriptional regulation of PD-L1 by GLI1 and GLI2 was blocked by rapamycin. In conclusion, the PDO/immune cell co-cultures may be used to study immunosuppressive MDSC function within the gastric tumor microenvironment. The mTOR signaling pathway mediates GLI-induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer.
•Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulate within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and may contribute to resistance to immunotherapy.•The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in gastric cancer and may have immunomodulatory potential.•An autologous cancer PDO/immune cell co-culture system may be used to investigate PD-L1/PD-1 blockade together with the inhibition of immunosuppressive cells MDSCs.•The mTOR pathway mediates the non-canonical Hedgehog signaling cascade to induce PD-L1 expression.•The mTOR signaling pathway may be targeted to decrease PD-L1 expression and increase response to immunotherapy in gastric cancer. Tumors evade immune surveillance by expressing Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), subsequently inhibiting CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte function. Response of gastric cancer to immunotherapy is relatively low. Our laboratory has reported that Helicobacter pylori-induced PD-L1 expression within the gastric epithelium is mediated by the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in gastric cancer and may have immunomodulatory potential. We hypothesize that Hh signaling mediates mTOR-induced PD-L1 expression. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) were generated from gastric biopsies and resected tumor tissues. Autologous organoid/immune cell co-cultures were used to study the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. NanoString Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) of immune-related protein markers using FFPE slide-mounted tissues from gastric cancer patients was performed. DSP analysis showed infiltration of immunosuppressive MDSCs expressing Arg1, CD66b, VISTA and IDO1 within cancer tissues. Orthotopic transplantation of patient derived organoids (PDOs) resulted in the engraftment of organoids and the development of histology similar to that observed in the patient's tumor tissue. PDO/immune cell co-cultures revealed that PD-L1-expressing organoids were unresponsive to nivolumab in vitro in the presence of PMN-MDSCs. Depletion of PMN-MDSCs within these co-cultures sensitized the organoids to anti-PD-1/PD-L1-induced cancer cell death. Rapamycin decreased phosphorylated S6K, Gli2 and PD-L1 expression in PDO/immune cell co-cultures. Transcriptional regulation of PD-L1 by GLI1 and GLI2 was blocked by rapamycin. In conclusion, the PDO/immune cell co-cultures may be used to study immunosuppressive MDSC function within the gastric tumor microenvironment. The mTOR signaling pathway mediates GLI-induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer. Tumors evade immune surveillance by expressing Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), subsequently inhibiting CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte function. Response of gastric cancer to immunotherapy is relatively low. Our laboratory has reported that Helicobacter pylori-induced PD-L1 expression within the gastric epithelium is mediated by the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in gastric cancer and may have immunomodulatory potential. We hypothesize that Hh signaling mediates mTOR-induced PD-L1 expression. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) were generated from gastric biopsies and resected tumor tissues. Autologous organoid/immune cell co-cultures were used to study the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. NanoString Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) of immune-related protein markers using FFPE slide-mounted tissues from gastric cancer patients was performed. DSP analysis showed infiltration of immunosuppressive MDSCs expressing Arg1, CD66b, VISTA and IDO1 within cancer tissues. Orthotopic transplantation of patient derived organoids (PDOs) resulted in the engraftment of organoids and the development of histology similar to that observed in the patient's tumor tissue. PDO/immune cell co-cultures revealed that PD-L1-expressing organoids were unresponsive to nivolumab in vitro in the presence of PMN-MDSCs. Depletion of PMN-MDSCs within these co-cultures sensitized the organoids to anti-PD-1/PD-L1-induced cancer cell death. Rapamycin decreased phosphorylated S6K, Gli2 and PD-L1 expression in PDO/immune cell co-cultures. Transcriptional regulation of PD-L1 by GLI1 and GLI2 was blocked by rapamycin. In conclusion, the PDO/immune cell co-cultures may be used to study immunosuppressive MDSC function within the gastric tumor microenvironment. The mTOR signaling pathway mediates GLI-induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer. Tumors evade immune surveillance by expressing Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), subsequently inhibiting CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte function. Response of gastric cancer to immunotherapy is relatively low. Our laboratory has reported that Helicobacter pylori-induced PD-L1 expression within the gastric epithelium is mediated by the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in gastric cancer and may have immunomodulatory potential. We hypothesize that Hh signaling mediates mTOR-induced PD-L1 expression. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) were generated from gastric biopsies and resected tumor tissues. Autologous organoid/immune cell co-cultures were used to study the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. NanoString Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) of immune-related protein markers using FFPE slide-mounted tissues from gastric cancer patients was performed. DSP analysis showed infiltration of immunosuppressive MDSCs expressing Arg1, CD66b, VISTA and IDO1 within cancer tissues. Orthotopic transplantation of patient derived organoids (PDOs) resulted in the engraftment of organoids and the development of histology similar to that observed in the patient's tumor tissue. PDO/immune cell co-cultures revealed that PD-L1-expressing organoids were unresponsive to nivolumab in vitro in the presence of PMN-MDSCs. Depletion of PMN-MDSCs within these co-cultures sensitized the organoids to anti-PD-1/PD-L1-induced cancer cell death. Rapamycin decreased phosphorylated S6K, Gli2 and PD-L1 expression in PDO/immune cell co-cultures. Transcriptional regulation of PD-L1 by GLI1 and GLI2 was blocked by rapamycin. In conclusion, the PDO/immune cell co-cultures may be used to study immunosuppressive MDSC function within the gastric tumor microenvironment. The mTOR signaling pathway mediates GLI-induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer.Tumors evade immune surveillance by expressing Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), subsequently inhibiting CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte function. Response of gastric cancer to immunotherapy is relatively low. Our laboratory has reported that Helicobacter pylori-induced PD-L1 expression within the gastric epithelium is mediated by the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in gastric cancer and may have immunomodulatory potential. We hypothesize that Hh signaling mediates mTOR-induced PD-L1 expression. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) were generated from gastric biopsies and resected tumor tissues. Autologous organoid/immune cell co-cultures were used to study the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. NanoString Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP) of immune-related protein markers using FFPE slide-mounted tissues from gastric cancer patients was performed. DSP analysis showed infiltration of immunosuppressive MDSCs expressing Arg1, CD66b, VISTA and IDO1 within cancer tissues. Orthotopic transplantation of patient derived organoids (PDOs) resulted in the engraftment of organoids and the development of histology similar to that observed in the patient's tumor tissue. PDO/immune cell co-cultures revealed that PD-L1-expressing organoids were unresponsive to nivolumab in vitro in the presence of PMN-MDSCs. Depletion of PMN-MDSCs within these co-cultures sensitized the organoids to anti-PD-1/PD-L1-induced cancer cell death. Rapamycin decreased phosphorylated S6K, Gli2 and PD-L1 expression in PDO/immune cell co-cultures. Transcriptional regulation of PD-L1 by GLI1 and GLI2 was blocked by rapamycin. In conclusion, the PDO/immune cell co-cultures may be used to study immunosuppressive MDSC function within the gastric tumor microenvironment. The mTOR signaling pathway mediates GLI-induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer. |
Author | Torvund, Meaghan Helmrath, Michael A. Koh, Vivien Shabbir, Asim Hawkins, Jennifer A. Ito, Yoshiaki Ahmed, Syed A. Yong, Wei Peng Zavros, Yana Steele, Nina Yan So, Jimmy Bok Chakrabarti, Jayati Wang, Jiang Merchant, Juanita L. |
AuthorAffiliation | 1 National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 2 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore 3 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 5 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA 10 Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 9 Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore 7 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson AZ, USA 4 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA 6 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA 8 Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 8 Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA – name: 2 Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore – name: 1 National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore – name: 5 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA – name: 7 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson AZ, USA – name: 9 Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore – name: 3 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA – name: 6 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA – name: 4 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA – name: 10 Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Vivien surname: Koh fullname: Koh, Vivien organization: National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore – sequence: 2 givenname: Jayati orcidid: 0000-0003-2265-4657 surname: Chakrabarti fullname: Chakrabarti, Jayati organization: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Meaghan orcidid: 0000-0002-8997-5909 surname: Torvund fullname: Torvund, Meaghan organization: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Nina surname: Steele fullname: Steele, Nina organization: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Jennifer A. surname: Hawkins fullname: Hawkins, Jennifer A. organization: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Yoshiaki surname: Ito fullname: Ito, Yoshiaki organization: Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore – sequence: 7 givenname: Jiang surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Jiang organization: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Michael A. surname: Helmrath fullname: Helmrath, Michael A. organization: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Juanita L. orcidid: 0000-0002-6559-8184 surname: Merchant fullname: Merchant, Juanita L. organization: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Syed A. surname: Ahmed fullname: Ahmed, Syed A. organization: Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA – sequence: 11 givenname: Asim orcidid: 0000-0002-2490-6478 surname: Shabbir fullname: Shabbir, Asim organization: Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore – sequence: 12 givenname: Jimmy Bok surname: Yan So fullname: Yan So, Jimmy Bok organization: National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore – sequence: 13 givenname: Wei Peng surname: Yong fullname: Yong, Wei Peng organization: National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore – sequence: 14 givenname: Yana orcidid: 0000-0002-1266-6470 surname: Zavros fullname: Zavros, Yana email: yzavros@email.arizona.edu organization: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34126195$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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ISSN | 0304-3835 1872-7980 |
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Keywords | Sonic hedgehog Tumor microenvironment Myeloid derived suppressor cells Cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
Language | English |
License | Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V. |
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SubjectTerms | 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase AKT protein Apoptosis Autografts B7-H1 Antigen - genetics Cancer therapies CD8 antigen CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes - metabolism Cell death Cells, Cultured Chemotherapy Cytokines Cytotoxic T lymphocytes Cytotoxicity Dendritic cells Epithelium Fatalities Gastric cancer Gene regulation Growth factors Hedgehog protein Hedgehog Proteins - genetics Helicobacter pylori - pathogenicity Human subjects Humans Immunomodulation Immunosurveillance Immunotherapy Immunotherapy - methods Ligands Lymphocytes Lymphocytes T Metastases Monoclonal antibodies Myeloid derived suppressor cells Organoids Organoids - metabolism PD-1 protein PD-L1 protein Rapamycin Regulation Signal transduction Signal Transduction - genetics Sonic hedgehog Stomach Neoplasms - genetics Stomach Neoplasms - microbiology T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic - metabolism Targeted cancer therapy TOR protein TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases - genetics Transcription Transcription, Genetic - genetics Transplantation Tumor microenvironment Tumor Microenvironment - genetics Tumor necrosis factor-TNF Tumors Zinc Finger Protein GLI1 - genetics |
Title | Hedgehog transcriptional effector GLI mediates mTOR-Induced PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer organoids |
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