Flash-Sinterforging of Nanograin Zirconia: Field Assisted Sintering and Superplasticity
We report on the influence of a uniaxial applied stress on flash‐sintering and field assisted superplastic behavior of cylindrical powder preforms of 3 mol% tetragonal‐stabilized zirconia. The experiments use the sinterforging method, where, in addition to pressure, a dc electrical field is applied...
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| Published in | Journal of the American Ceramic Society Vol. 95; no. 1; pp. 138 - 146 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Columbus
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.01.2012
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | We report on the influence of a uniaxial applied stress on flash‐sintering and field assisted superplastic behavior of cylindrical powder preforms of 3 mol% tetragonal‐stabilized zirconia. The experiments use the sinterforging method, where, in addition to pressure, a dc electrical field is applied by metal electrodes sandwiched between the push‐rods and the specimen. The axial and radial strains in the experiment provide simultaneous measurement of the time‐dependent densification and shear strains. Large effects of the electric field on sintering and superplasticity are observed. We see flash‐sintering which is characterized by a threshold level of temperature and electric field. With higher applied fields, the sample sinters at a lower furnace temperature. Surprisingly, the applied stress further lowers this critical temperature: a sample, which sinters at 915°C under a stress of 1.5 MPa, densifies at only 850°C when the stress is raised to 12 MPa. This stress induced reduction in sintering temperature maybe related to the additional electrical fields generated within the specimen by the electro‐chemo‐mechanical mechanism described by Pannikkat and Raj [Acta Mater., 47 (1999) 3423]. Remarkably, we also show that the sample deforms in pure shear to 30% strain in just a few seconds at anomalously low temperatures. The specimen temperature was measured with a pyrometer, during the flash sintering, as a check on Joule heating. A reading of 1000°C–1100°C was obtained, up to 200° above the furnace temperature. This temperature is still too low to explain the sintering in just a few seconds. It is suggested that the electric field can nucleate a defect avalanche that enhances diffusion kinetics not by changing the activation energy but by increasing the pre‐exponential factor for the diffusion coefficient, noting that the pre‐exponential factor depends on concentration of defects, and not upon their mobility. |
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| AbstractList | The influence of a uniaxial applied stress on flash-sintering and field assisted superplastic behaviour of cylindrical powder preforms of 3 mol% tetragonal-stabilised zirconia was studied. Sinterforging was used, where in addition to pressure, a dc electrical field is applied by metal electrodes sandwiched between the push-rods and the specimen. The axial and radial strains provide simultaneous measurement of the time-dependent densification and shear strains. Large effects of the electric field on sintering and superplasticity are observed. Flash-sintering is observed, which is characterised by a threshold level of temperature and electric field. With higher applied fields, the sample sinters at a lower furnace temperature. Surprisingly, the applied stress further lowers this critical temperature: a sample which sinters at 915 C under a stress of 1.5 MPa densifies at only 850 C when the stress is raised to 12 MPa. This stress induced reduction in sintering temperature may be related to the additional electrical fields generated within the specimen by the electro-chemo-mechanical mechanism. The sample also deforms in pure shear to 30% strain in just a few seconds at anomalously low temperatures. The specimen temperature was measured with a pyrometer during the flash sintering, as a check on Joule heating. A reading of 1000-1100 C was obtained, which is up to 200 C above the furnace temperature. This temperature is still too low to explain the sintering in just a few seconds. It is suggested that the electric field can nucleate a defect avalanche that enhances diffusion kinetics not by changing the activation energy but by increasing the pre-exponential factor for the diffusion coefficient, noting that the pre-exponential factor depends on defect concentration, and not upon their mobility. We report on the influence of a uniaxial applied stress on flash‐sintering and field assisted superplastic behavior of cylindrical powder preforms of 3 mol% tetragonal‐stabilized zirconia. The experiments use the sinterforging method, where, in addition to pressure, a dc electrical field is applied by metal electrodes sandwiched between the push‐rods and the specimen. The axial and radial strains in the experiment provide simultaneous measurement of the time‐dependent densification and shear strains. Large effects of the electric field on sintering and superplasticity are observed. We see flash‐sintering which is characterized by a threshold level of temperature and electric field. With higher applied fields, the sample sinters at a lower furnace temperature. Surprisingly, the applied stress further lowers this critical temperature: a sample, which sinters at 915°C under a stress of 1.5 MPa, densifies at only 850°C when the stress is raised to 12 MPa. This stress induced reduction in sintering temperature maybe related to the additional electrical fields generated within the specimen by the electro‐chemo‐mechanical mechanism described by Pannikkat and Raj [ Acta Mater ., 47 (1999) 3423]. Remarkably, we also show that the sample deforms in pure shear to 30% strain in just a few seconds at anomalously low temperatures. The specimen temperature was measured with a pyrometer, during the flash sintering, as a check on Joule heating. A reading of 1000°C–1100°C was obtained, up to 200° above the furnace temperature. This temperature is still too low to explain the sintering in just a few seconds. It is suggested that the electric field can nucleate a defect avalanche that enhances diffusion kinetics not by changing the activation energy but by increasing the pre‐exponential factor for the diffusion coefficient, noting that the pre‐exponential factor depends on concentration of defects, and not upon their mobility. We report on the influence of a uniaxial applied stress on flash‐sintering and field assisted superplastic behavior of cylindrical powder preforms of 3 mol% tetragonal‐stabilized zirconia. The experiments use the sinterforging method, where, in addition to pressure, a dc electrical field is applied by metal electrodes sandwiched between the push‐rods and the specimen. The axial and radial strains in the experiment provide simultaneous measurement of the time‐dependent densification and shear strains. Large effects of the electric field on sintering and superplasticity are observed. We see flash‐sintering which is characterized by a threshold level of temperature and electric field. With higher applied fields, the sample sinters at a lower furnace temperature. Surprisingly, the applied stress further lowers this critical temperature: a sample, which sinters at 915°C under a stress of 1.5 MPa, densifies at only 850°C when the stress is raised to 12 MPa. This stress induced reduction in sintering temperature maybe related to the additional electrical fields generated within the specimen by the electro‐chemo‐mechanical mechanism described by Pannikkat and Raj [Acta Mater., 47 (1999) 3423]. Remarkably, we also show that the sample deforms in pure shear to 30% strain in just a few seconds at anomalously low temperatures. The specimen temperature was measured with a pyrometer, during the flash sintering, as a check on Joule heating. A reading of 1000°C–1100°C was obtained, up to 200° above the furnace temperature. This temperature is still too low to explain the sintering in just a few seconds. It is suggested that the electric field can nucleate a defect avalanche that enhances diffusion kinetics not by changing the activation energy but by increasing the pre‐exponential factor for the diffusion coefficient, noting that the pre‐exponential factor depends on concentration of defects, and not upon their mobility. We report on the influence of a uniaxial applied stress on flash-sintering and field assisted superplastic behavior of cylindrical powder preforms of 3 mol% tetragonal-stabilized zirconia. The experiments use the sinterforging method, where, in addition to pressure, a dc electrical field is applied by metal electrodes sandwiched between the push-rods and the specimen. The axial and radial strains in the experiment provide simultaneous measurement of the time-dependent densification and shear strains. Large effects of the electric field on sintering and superplasticity are observed. We see flash-sintering which is characterized by a threshold level of temperature and electric field. With higher applied fields, the sample sinters at a lower furnace temperature. Surprisingly, the applied stress further lowers this critical temperature: a sample, which sinters at 915...C under a stress of 1.5 MPa, densifies at only 850...C when the stress is raised to 12 MPa. This stress induced reduction in sintering temperature maybe related to the additional electrical fields generated within the specimen by the electro-chemo-mechanical mechanism described by Pannikkat and Raj [Acta Mater., 47 (1999) 3423]. Remarkably, we also show that the sample deforms in pure shear to 30% strain in just a few seconds at anomalously low temperatures. The specimen temperature was measured with a pyrometer, during the flash sintering, as a check on Joule heating. A reading of 1000...C-1100...C was obtained, up to 200... above the furnace temperature. This temperature is still too low to explain the sintering in just a few seconds. It is suggested that the electric field can nucleate a defect avalanche that enhances diffusion kinetics not by changing the activation energy but by increasing the pre-exponential factor for the diffusion coefficient, noting that the pre-exponential factor depends on concentration of defects, and not upon their mobility. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.) We report on the influence of a uniaxial applied stress on flash-sintering and field assisted superplastic behavior of cylindrical powder preforms of 3 mol% tetragonal-stabilized zirconia. The experiments use the sinterforging method, where, in addition to pressure, a dc electrical field is applied by metal electrodes sandwiched between the push-rods and the specimen. The axial and radial strains in the experiment provide simultaneous measurement of the time-dependent densification and shear strains. Large effects of the electric field on sintering and superplasticity are observed. We see flash-sintering which is characterized by a threshold level of temperature and electric field. With higher applied fields, the sample sinters at a lower furnace temperature. Surprisingly, the applied stress further lowers this critical temperature: a sample, which sinters at 915 degree C under a stress of 1.5 MPa, densifies at only 850 degree C when the stress is raised to 12 MPa. This stress induced reduction in sintering temperature maybe related to the additional electrical fields generated within the specimen by the electro-chemo-mechanical mechanism described by Pannikkat and Raj [Acta Mater., 47 (1999) 3423]. Remarkably, we also show that the sample deforms in pure shear to 30% strain in just a few seconds at anomalously low temperatures. The specimen temperature was measured with a pyrometer, during the flash sintering, as a check on Joule heating. A reading of 1000 degree C-1100 degree C was obtained, up to 200 degree above the furnace temperature. This temperature is still too low to explain the sintering in just a few seconds. It is suggested that the electric field can nucleate a defect avalanche that enhances diffusion kinetics not by changing the activation energy but by increasing the pre-exponential factor for the diffusion coefficient, noting that the pre-exponential factor depends on concentration of defects, and not upon their mobility. |
| Author | Francis, John S.C. Raj, Rishi |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: John S.C. surname: Francis fullname: Francis, John S.C. email: john.s.francis@colorado.edu organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0427, Boulder – sequence: 2 givenname: Rishi surname: Raj fullname: Raj, Rishi organization: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0427, Boulder |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1986.tb07452.x 10.1007/s10853-006-6555-2 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03102.x 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04089.x 10.1063/1.1699681 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1982.tb10397.x 10.1063/1.1702656 10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00519-5 10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00206-2 10.1111/j.1551-2916.1986.tb00026.x 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03905.x 10.1007/BF02664244 |
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| References_xml | – volume: 2 start-page: 1113 year: 1971 end-page: 27 article-title: On Grain Boundary Sliding and Diffusional Creep publication-title: Metall. Trans. – volume: 92 start-page: 1856 year: 2009 end-page: 9 article-title: A Huge Effect of Weak dc Electrical Fields on Grain Growth in Zirconia publication-title: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. – volume: 47 start-page: 3423 issue: 12 year: 1999 end-page: 31 article-title: Measurement of an Electrical Potential Induced by Normal Stress Applied to the Interface of an Ionic Material at Elevated Temperatures publication-title: Acta Mater. – volume: 21 start-page: 437 year: 1950 end-page: 45 article-title: Diffusional Viscosity of a Polycrystalline Solid publication-title: J. Appl. Phys. – year: 2008 – volume: 34 start-page: 1679 year: 1963 end-page: 82 article-title: A Model for Boundary Diffusion Controlled Creep in Polycrystalline Materials publication-title: J. Appl. Phys. – volume: 41 start-page: 763 year: 2006 end-page: 77 article-title: The Effect of Electric Field and Pressure on the Synthesis and Consolidation of Materials: A Review of the Spark Plasma Sintering Method publication-title: J. Mater. Sci. – volume: 48 start-page: 791 year: 2003 end-page: 6 article-title: Diffusion, Diffusion Creep and Grain Growth Characteristics of Nanocrystalline and Fine‐Grained Monoclinic, Tetragonal and Cubic Zirconia publication-title: Scr. Mater. – volume: 5 start-page: 24 year: 2003 end-page: 33 article-title: Nanostructured Bulk Solids by Field Activated Sintering publication-title: Adv. Mater. Sci. – volume: 1 start-page: 259 year: 1986 end-page: 63 article-title: Superplasticity of Yttria‐Stabilized Tetragonal ZrO Polycrystals publication-title: Adv. Ceram. Mater. – volume: 65 start-page: C‐46 year: 1982 end-page: C‐46 article-title: Separation of Cavitation‐Strain and Creep‐Strain During Deformation publication-title: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. – volume: 3559 start-page: 3556 year: 2010 end-page: 9 article-title: Flash Sintering of Nanograin Zirconia in <5 s at 850°C publication-title: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. – volume: 69 start-page: 499 year: 1986 end-page: 506 article-title: Shear Deformation and Densification of Powder Compacts publication-title: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. – volume: 36 start-page: 1431 year: 1997 end-page: 5 article-title: Influence of an Electric Field on the Superplastic Deformation of 3Y‐TZP publication-title: Acta Metallurgica – volume: 2937 start-page: 2935 year: 2010 end-page: 7 article-title: Enhanced Sintering Rate of Zirconia (3Y‐TZP) Through the Effect of a Weak dc Electric Field on Grain Growth publication-title: J. Am. Ceram. Soc. – ident: e_1_2_7_8_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1986.tb07452.x – ident: e_1_2_7_3_1 doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-6555-2 – volume: 5 start-page: 24 year: 2003 ident: e_1_2_7_4_1 article-title: Nanostructured Bulk Solids by Field Activated Sintering publication-title: Adv. Mater. Sci. contributor: fullname: Groza J. R. – volume: 36 start-page: 1431 year: 1997 ident: e_1_2_7_5_1 article-title: Influence of an Electric Field on the Superplastic Deformation of 3Y‐TZP publication-title: Acta Metallurgica contributor: fullname: Yang D. – volume-title: Sintering of Ceramics year: 2008 ident: e_1_2_7_15_1 contributor: fullname: Rahaman M. N. – ident: e_1_2_7_2_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03102.x – ident: e_1_2_7_6_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04089.x – ident: e_1_2_7_13_1 doi: 10.1063/1.1699681 – ident: e_1_2_7_9_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1982.tb10397.x – ident: e_1_2_7_11_1 doi: 10.1063/1.1702656 – ident: e_1_2_7_12_1 doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00519-5 – ident: e_1_2_7_16_1 doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00206-2 – ident: e_1_2_7_10_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.1986.tb00026.x – ident: e_1_2_7_7_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03905.x – ident: e_1_2_7_14_1 doi: 10.1007/BF02664244 |
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| Snippet | We report on the influence of a uniaxial applied stress on flash‐sintering and field assisted superplastic behavior of cylindrical powder preforms of 3 mol%... We report on the influence of a uniaxial applied stress on flash-sintering and field assisted superplastic behavior of cylindrical powder preforms of 3 mol%... The influence of a uniaxial applied stress on flash-sintering and field assisted superplastic behaviour of cylindrical powder preforms of 3 mol%... |
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| SubjectTerms | Ceramic sintering Electric fields Furnaces Nanostructure Sinter Sintering (powder metallurgy) Strain Stresses Superplasticity Temperature effects Zirconium dioxide |
| Title | Flash-Sinterforging of Nanograin Zirconia: Field Assisted Sintering and Superplasticity |
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