A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae)
The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40–50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent revision, by Wilhelm Becker in 1925, the then-known 400 species were distributed among 14 sections and numerous unranked groups. Here, we pr...
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| Published in | Plants (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 17; p. 2224 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
27.08.2022
MDPI |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40–50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent revision, by Wilhelm Becker in 1925, the then-known 400 species were distributed among 14 sections and numerous unranked groups. Here, we provide an updated, comprehensive classification of the genus, based on data from phylogeny, morphology, chromosome counts, and ploidy, and based on modern principles of monophyly. The revision is presented as an annotated global checklist of accepted species of Viola, an updated multigene phylogenetic network and an ITS phylogeny with denser taxon sampling, a brief summary of the taxonomic changes from Becker’s classification and their justification, a morphological binary key to the accepted subgenera, sections and subsections, and an account of each infrageneric subdivision with justifications for delimitation and rank including a description, a list of apomorphies, molecular phylogenies where possible or relevant, a distribution map, and a list of included species. We distribute the 664 species accepted by us into 2 subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections. We erect one new subgenus of Viola (subg. Neoandinium, a replacement name for the illegitimate subg. Andinium), six new sections (sect. Abyssinium, sect. Himalayum, sect. Melvio, sect. Nematocaulon, sect. Spathulidium, sect. Xanthidium), and seven new subsections (subsect. Australasiaticae, subsect. Bulbosae, subsect. Clausenianae, subsect. Cleistogamae, subsect. Dispares, subsect. Formosanae, subsect. Pseudorupestres). Evolution within the genus is discussed in light of biogeography, the fossil record, morphology, and particular traits. Viola is among very few temperate and widespread genera that originated in South America. The biggest identified knowledge gaps for Viola concern the South American taxa, for which basic knowledge from phylogeny, chromosome counts, and fossil data is virtually absent. Viola has also never been subject to comprehensive anatomical study. Studies into seed anatomy and morphology are required to understand the fossil record of the genus. |
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| AbstractList | The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40–50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent revision, by Wilhelm Becker in 1925, the then-known 400 species were distributed among 14 sections and numerous unranked groups. Here, we provide an updated, comprehensive classification of the genus, based on data from phylogeny, morphology, chromosome counts, and ploidy, and based on modern principles of monophyly. The revision is presented as an annotated global checklist of accepted species of Viola, an updated multigene phylogenetic network and an ITS phylogeny with denser taxon sampling, a brief summary of the taxonomic changes from Becker’s classification and their justification, a morphological binary key to the accepted subgenera, sections and subsections, and an account of each infrageneric subdivision with justifications for delimitation and rank including a description, a list of apomorphies, molecular phylogenies where possible or relevant, a distribution map, and a list of included species. We distribute the 664 species accepted by us into 2 subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections. We erect one new subgenus of Viola (subg. Neoandinium, a replacement name for the illegitimate subg. Andinium), six new sections (sect. Abyssinium, sect. Himalayum, sect. Melvio, sect. Nematocaulon, sect. Spathulidium, sect. Xanthidium), and seven new subsections (subsect. Australasiaticae, subsect. Bulbosae, subsect. Clausenianae, subsect. Cleistogamae, subsect. Dispares, subsect. Formosanae, subsect. Pseudorupestres). Evolution within the genus is discussed in light of biogeography, the fossil record, morphology, and particular traits. Viola is among very few temperate and widespread genera that originated in South America. The biggest identified knowledge gaps for Viola concern the South American taxa, for which basic knowledge from phylogeny, chromosome counts, and fossil data is virtually absent. Viola has also never been subject to comprehensive anatomical study. Studies into seed anatomy and morphology are required to understand the fossil record of the genus. The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40-50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent revision, by Wilhelm Becker in 1925, the then-known 400 species were distributed among 14 sections and numerous unranked groups. Here, we provide an updated, comprehensive classification of the genus, based on data from phylogeny, morphology, chromosome counts, and ploidy, and based on modern principles of monophyly. The revision is presented as an annotated global checklist of accepted species of Viola, an updated multigene phylogenetic network and an ITS phylogeny with denser taxon sampling, a brief summary of the taxonomic changes from Becker's classification and their justification, a morphological binary key to the accepted subgenera, sections and subsections, and an account of each infrageneric subdivision with justifications for delimitation and rank including a description, a list of apomorphies, molecular phylogenies where possible or relevant, a distribution map, and a list of included species. We distribute the 664 species accepted by us into 2 subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections. We erect one new subgenus of Viola (subg. Neoandinium, a replacement name for the illegitimate subg. Andinium), six new sections (sect. Abyssinium, sect. Himalayum, sect. Melvio, sect. Nematocaulon, sect. Spathulidium, sect. Xanthidium), and seven new subsections (subsect. Australasiaticae, subsect. Bulbosae, subsect. Clausenianae, subsect. Cleistogamae, subsect. Dispares, subsect. Formosanae, subsect. Pseudorupestres). Evolution within the genus is discussed in light of biogeography, the fossil record, morphology, and particular traits. Viola is among very few temperate and widespread genera that originated in South America. The biggest identified knowledge gaps for Viola concern the South American taxa, for which basic knowledge from phylogeny, chromosome counts, and fossil data is virtually absent. Viola has also never been subject to comprehensive anatomical study. Studies into seed anatomy and morphology are required to understand the fossil record of the genus.The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40-50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent revision, by Wilhelm Becker in 1925, the then-known 400 species were distributed among 14 sections and numerous unranked groups. Here, we provide an updated, comprehensive classification of the genus, based on data from phylogeny, morphology, chromosome counts, and ploidy, and based on modern principles of monophyly. The revision is presented as an annotated global checklist of accepted species of Viola, an updated multigene phylogenetic network and an ITS phylogeny with denser taxon sampling, a brief summary of the taxonomic changes from Becker's classification and their justification, a morphological binary key to the accepted subgenera, sections and subsections, and an account of each infrageneric subdivision with justifications for delimitation and rank including a description, a list of apomorphies, molecular phylogenies where possible or relevant, a distribution map, and a list of included species. We distribute the 664 species accepted by us into 2 subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections. We erect one new subgenus of Viola (subg. Neoandinium, a replacement name for the illegitimate subg. Andinium), six new sections (sect. Abyssinium, sect. Himalayum, sect. Melvio, sect. Nematocaulon, sect. Spathulidium, sect. Xanthidium), and seven new subsections (subsect. Australasiaticae, subsect. Bulbosae, subsect. Clausenianae, subsect. Cleistogamae, subsect. Dispares, subsect. Formosanae, subsect. Pseudorupestres). Evolution within the genus is discussed in light of biogeography, the fossil record, morphology, and particular traits. Viola is among very few temperate and widespread genera that originated in South America. The biggest identified knowledge gaps for Viola concern the South American taxa, for which basic knowledge from phylogeny, chromosome counts, and fossil data is virtually absent. Viola has also never been subject to comprehensive anatomical study. Studies into seed anatomy and morphology are required to understand the fossil record of the genus. The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40–50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent revision, by Wilhelm Becker in 1925, the then-known 400 species were distributed among 14 sections and numerous unranked groups. Here, we provide an updated, comprehensive classification of the genus, based on data from phylogeny, morphology, chromosome counts, and ploidy, and based on modern principles of monophyly. The revision is presented as an annotated global checklist of accepted species of Viola , an updated multigene phylogenetic network and an ITS phylogeny with denser taxon sampling, a brief summary of the taxonomic changes from Becker’s classification and their justification, a morphological binary key to the accepted subgenera, sections and subsections, and an account of each infrageneric subdivision with justifications for delimitation and rank including a description, a list of apomorphies, molecular phylogenies where possible or relevant, a distribution map, and a list of included species. We distribute the 664 species accepted by us into 2 subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections. We erect one new subgenus of Viola (subg. Neoandinium , a replacement name for the illegitimate subg. Andinium ), six new sections (sect. Abyssinium , sect. Himalayum , sect. Melvio , sect. Nematocaulon , sect. Spathulidium , sect. Xanthidium ), and seven new subsections (subsect. Australasiaticae , subsect. Bulbosae , subsect. Clausenianae , subsect. Cleistogamae , subsect. Dispares , subsect. Formosanae , subsect. Pseudorupestres ). Evolution within the genus is discussed in light of biogeography, the fossil record, morphology, and particular traits. Viola is among very few temperate and widespread genera that originated in South America. The biggest identified knowledge gaps for Viola concern the South American taxa, for which basic knowledge from phylogeny, chromosome counts, and fossil data is virtually absent. Viola has also never been subject to comprehensive anatomical study. Studies into seed anatomy and morphology are required to understand the fossil record of the genus. The genus (Violaceae) is among the 40-50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent revision, by Wilhelm Becker in 1925, the then-known 400 species were distributed among 14 sections and numerous unranked groups. Here, we provide an updated, comprehensive classification of the genus, based on data from phylogeny, morphology, chromosome counts, and ploidy, and based on modern principles of monophyly. The revision is presented as an annotated global checklist of accepted species of , an updated multigene phylogenetic network and an ITS phylogeny with denser taxon sampling, a brief summary of the taxonomic changes from Becker's classification and their justification, a morphological binary key to the accepted subgenera, sections and subsections, and an account of each infrageneric subdivision with justifications for delimitation and rank including a description, a list of apomorphies, molecular phylogenies where possible or relevant, a distribution map, and a list of included species. We distribute the 664 species accepted by us into 2 subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections. We erect one new subgenus of (subg. , a replacement name for the illegitimate subg. ), six new sections (sect. , sect. , sect. , sect. , sect. , sect. ), and seven new subsections (subsect. , subsect. , subsect. , subsect. , subsect. , subsect. , subsect. ). Evolution within the genus is discussed in light of biogeography, the fossil record, morphology, and particular traits. is among very few temperate and widespread genera that originated in South America. The biggest identified knowledge gaps for concern the South American taxa, for which basic knowledge from phylogeny, chromosome counts, and fossil data is virtually absent. has also never been subject to comprehensive anatomical study. Studies into seed anatomy and morphology are required to understand the fossil record of the genus. |
| Author | Watson, John M. Ballard, Harvey E. Flores, Ana R. Marcussen, Thomas Danihelka, Jiří Nicola, Marcela V. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA 4 Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic 1 Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway 5 Independent Researcher, Casilla 161, Los Andes 2100412, Chile 6 Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (IBODA, CONICET-ANCEFN), Labardén 200, Casilla de Correo 22, San Isidro, Buenos Aires B1642HYD, Argentina 3 Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic – name: 5 Independent Researcher, Casilla 161, Los Andes 2100412, Chile – name: 1 Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway – name: 4 Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic – name: 2 Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA – name: 6 Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (IBODA, CONICET-ANCEFN), Labardén 200, Casilla de Correo 22, San Isidro, Buenos Aires B1642HYD, Argentina |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Thomas orcidid: 0000-0002-1960-9508 surname: Marcussen fullname: Marcussen, Thomas – sequence: 2 givenname: Harvey E. orcidid: 0000-0003-2396-784X surname: Ballard fullname: Ballard, Harvey E. – sequence: 3 givenname: Jiří orcidid: 0000-0002-2640-7867 surname: Danihelka fullname: Danihelka, Jiří – sequence: 4 givenname: Ana R. surname: Flores fullname: Flores, Ana R. – sequence: 5 givenname: Marcela V. orcidid: 0000-0002-5374-8093 surname: Nicola fullname: Nicola, Marcela V. – sequence: 6 givenname: John M. surname: Watson fullname: Watson, John M. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36079606$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess 2022 by the authors. 2022 |
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18 Budantsev (ref_202) 2005; Volume 4 Beattie (ref_215) 1975; 62 Liang (ref_87) 2010; 32 Russell (ref_143) 1960; 5 Marcussen (ref_88) 2010; 10 Watson (ref_162) 2020; 128 Yoo (ref_83) 2007; 37 (ref_197) 1979; 20 Gizaw (ref_240) 2016; 211 Nemcok (ref_210) 1998; 295 Wirth (ref_267) 2020; 25 Huber (ref_334) 2006; 23 Pilberg (ref_153) 2016; 26 Wein (ref_50) 1930; 39 ref_68 ref_285 Kuta (ref_112) 1989; 31 ref_168 Caraglio (ref_135) 2007; 99 Rechinger (ref_79) 1992; Volume 169 Brainerd (ref_69) 1921; 224 Stebbins (ref_241) 1963; 50 Chen (ref_154) 2010; 28 Sokolovskaya (ref_272) 1963; 15 Aksoy (ref_159) 2021; 5 ref_291 Morton (ref_239) 1993; 121 Nishikawa (ref_270) 1988; 38 Takhtajan (ref_312) 2012; Volume 3 Hollick (ref_203) 1931; 1 Clausen (ref_55) 1926; 8 Huelsenbeck (ref_103) 2003; 52 Kuta (ref_111) 1989; 31 ref_196 Wang (ref_75) 1990; 35 Tzvelev (ref_301) 1996; Volume 9 Marcussen (ref_92) 2016; 182 Rice (ref_318) 2015; 206 Antonelli (ref_33) 2009; 106 Dodd (ref_58) 1943; 70 Clausen (ref_254) 1931; 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| Snippet | The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40–50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent... The genus (Violaceae) is among the 40-50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent... The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40-50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent... The genus Viola (Violaceae) is among the 40–50 largest genera among angiosperms, yet its taxonomy has not been revised for nearly a century. In the most recent... |
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| SubjectTerms | Anatomy Angiosperms Biogeography Chromosomes Classification Flowers & plants fossils Genera Geographical distribution monophyly Morphology new subgenus nomenclature Peptides Phylogenetics Phylogeny Ploidy Review Revisions seed anatomy South America Species Taxa Taxonomic revision Taxonomy Viola Violaceae Xanthidium |
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| Title | A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae) |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36079606 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2711477408 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2712851802 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2723104680 http://hdl.handle.net/10852/101385 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9460890 https://doaj.org/article/b307059e8d294555bb8360350eac5dd9 |
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