Thermal ion imagers and Langmuir probes in the Swarm electric field instruments

• Published in: Journal of geophysical research. Space physics Vol. 122; no. 2; pp. 2655 - 2673
• Main Authors: Knudsen, D. J., Burchill, J. K., Buchert, S. C., Eriksson, A. I., Gill, R., Wahlund, J.‐E., Åhlen, L., Smith, M., Moffat, B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01.02.2017
• Subjects: core plasma diagnostics; satellite instrumentation; thermal plasma instrumentation

The European Space Agency's three Swarm satellites were launched on 22 November 2013 into nearly polar, circular orbits, eventually reaching altitudes of 460 km (Swarm A and C) and 510 km (Swarm B). Swarm's multiyear mission is to make precision, multipoint measurements of low‐frequency ma...