T-cell priming transcriptomic markers: implications of immunome heterogeneity for precision immunotherapy

• Published in: Npj genomic medicine Vol. 8; no. 1; p. 19
• Main Authors: Miyashita, Hirotaka, Kurzrock, Razelle, Bevins, Nicholas J., Thangathurai, Kartheeswaran, Lee, Suzanna, Pabla, Sarabjot, Nesline, Mary, Glenn, Sean T., Conroy, Jeffrey M., DePietro, Paul, Rubin, Eitan, Sicklick, Jason K., Kato, Shumei
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 08.08.2023; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 631/114/2785; 631/67/580; Apoptosis; Bioinformatics; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Breast cancer; Cancer; CD137 antigen; CD27 antigen; CD28 antigen; CD40 antigen; CD80 antigen; CD86 antigen; Cytotoxicity; Gene Function; Gene Therapy; Granzyme B; Human Genetics; Immune checkpoint inhibitors; Immunotherapy; Internal Medicine; Lymphocytes T; Microsatellite instability; Mutation; Pancreatic cancer; PD-L1 protein; Serine proteinase; Statistical analysis; Transcriptomics; Tumor necrosis factor; Tumors
• DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00359-8
• ISSN: 2056-7944

Immune checkpoint blockade is effective for only a subset of cancers. Targeting T-cell priming markers (TPMs) may enhance activity, but proper application of these agents in the clinic is challenging due to immune complexity and heterogeneity. We interrogated transcriptomics of 15 TPMs (CD137, CD27, CD28, CD80, CD86, CD40, CD40LG, GITR, ICOS, ICOSLG, OX40, OX40LG, GZMB, IFNG, and TBX21) in a pan-cancer cohort ( N  = 514 patients, 30 types of cancer). TPM expression was analyzed for correlation with histological type, microsatellite instability high (MSI-H), tumor mutational burden (TMB), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. Among 514 patients, the most common histological types were colorectal (27%), pancreatic (11%), and breast cancer (10%). No statistically significant association between histological type and TPM expression was seen. In contrast, expression of GZMB (granzyme B, a serine protease stored in activated T and NK cells that induces cancer cell apoptosis) and IFNG (activates cytotoxic T cells) were significantly higher in tumors with MSI-H, TMB ≥ 10 mutations/mb and PD-L1 ≥ 1%. PD-L1 ≥ 1% was also associated with significantly higher CD137, GITR, and ICOS expression. Patients’ tumors were classified into “Hot”, “Mixed”, or “Cold” clusters based on TPM expression using hierarchical clustering. The cold cluster showed a significantly lower proportion of tumors with PD-L1 ≥ 1%. Overall, 502 patients (98%) had individually distinct patterns of TPM expression. Diverse expression patterns of TPMs independent of histological type but correlating with other immunotherapy biomarkers (PD-L1 ≥ 1%, MSI-H and TMB ≥ 10 mutations/mb) were observed. Individualized selection of patients based on TPM immunomic profiles may potentially help with immunotherapy optimization.