Chemical composition of rainwater in a karstic agricultural area, Southwest China: The impact of urbanization
The chemical composition of rainwater has been studied in a karstic agricultural area, Southwest China. Rainwater pH and major ions were measured in samples collected from the town of Puding, Guizhou province, during the rainy season, between March and October 2008. The pH of samples varied between...
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Published in | Atmospheric research Vol. 111; pp. 71 - 78 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Elsevier B.V
01.07.2012
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Abstract | The chemical composition of rainwater has been studied in a karstic agricultural area, Southwest China. Rainwater pH and major ions were measured in samples collected from the town of Puding, Guizhou province, during the rainy season, between March and October 2008. The pH of samples varied between 4.6 and 7.1, with a volume-weighted mean (VWM) of 5.4. These relatively high-pH values do not signify a lack of acid components in the precipitation; instead, they demonstrate neutralization of acidity. Ca2+ and NH4+ were the dominant cations in the rainwater, with VWM concentrations of 156 and 33μeq/L, respectively. SO42− was the predominant anion, with a VWM concentration of 152μeq/L, followed by NO3− (17μeq/L). Our results show that most of the acidity in the collected samples was neutralized by Ca2+-rich alkaline soil dusts. We compared our findings with other areas of China that experience acid rain. The concentration of ions in Puding rainwater generally exceeded that reported in southern China but was lower than in northern China. This is probably due to karst rock desertification, which could provide the atmosphere with a source of alkaline dust. From back-trajectory analysis, correlation studies, and a comparison of major ion composition with other selected sites worldwide, we conclude that the rainwater ion composition of Puding is more significantly influenced by terrestrial and anthropogenic sources (mainly due to industrial and traffic emissions in surrounding large cities), rather than by marine sources.
► The chemical composition of rainwater collected in a typical agricultural site in China. ► The pH value was higher than expected due to neutralization by alkaline dust particles. ► Rock desertification of karst may provide the alkaline dust to the atmosphere. ► Results suggest the pollution transported from cities in the surrounding area. |
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AbstractList | The chemical composition of rainwater has been studied in a karstic agricultural area, Southwest China. Rainwater pH and major ions were measured in samples collected from the town of Puding, Guizhou province, during the rainy season, between March and October 2008. The pH of samples varied between 4.6 and 7.1, with a volume-weighted mean (VWM) of 5.4. These relatively high-pH values do not signify a lack of acid components in the precipitation; instead, they demonstrate neutralization of acidity. Ca2+ and NH4 + were the dominant cations in the rainwater, with VWM concentrations of 156 and 33 mu eq/L, respectively. SO4 2- was the predominant anion, with a VWM concentration of 152 mu eq/L, followed by NO3 - (17 mu eq/L). Our results show that most of the acidity in the collected samples was neutralized by Ca2+-rich alkaline soil dusts. We compared our findings with other areas of China that experience acid rain. The concentration of ions in Puding rainwater generally exceeded that reported in southern China but was lower than in northern China. This is probably due to karst rock desertification, which could provide the atmosphere with a source of alkaline dust. From back-trajectory analysis, correlation studies, and a comparison of major ion composition with other selected sites worldwide, we conclude that the rainwater ion composition of Puding is more significantly influenced by terrestrial and anthropogenic sources (mainly due to industrial and traffic emissions in surrounding large cities), rather than by marine sources. The chemical composition of rainwater has been studied in a karstic agricultural area, Southwest China. Rainwater pH and major ions were measured in samples collected from the town of Puding, Guizhou province, during the rainy season, between March and October 2008. The pH of samples varied between 4.6 and 7.1, with a volume-weighted mean (VWM) of 5.4. These relatively high-pH values do not signify a lack of acid components in the precipitation; instead, they demonstrate neutralization of acidity. Ca2+ and NH4+ were the dominant cations in the rainwater, with VWM concentrations of 156 and 33 mu eq/L, respectively. SO42- was the predominant anion, with a VWM concentration of 152 mu eq/L, followed by NO3- (17 mu eq/L). Our results show that most of the acidity in the collected samples was neutralized by Ca2+-rich alkaline soil dusts. We compared our findings with other areas of China that experience acid rain. The concentration of ions in Puding rainwater generally exceeded that reported in southern China but was lower than in northern China. This is probably due to karst rock desertification, which could provide the atmosphere with a source of alkaline dust. From back-trajectory analysis, correlation studies, and a comparison of major ion composition with other selected sites worldwide, we conclude that the rainwater ion composition of Puding is more significantly influenced by terrestrial and anthropogenic sources (mainly due to industrial and traffic emissions in surrounding large cities), rather than by marine sources. The chemical composition of rainwater has been studied in a karstic agricultural area, Southwest China. Rainwater pH and major ions were measured in samples collected from the town of Puding, Guizhou province, during the rainy season, between March and October 2008. The pH of samples varied between 4.6 and 7.1, with a volume-weighted mean (VWM) of 5.4. These relatively high-pH values do not signify a lack of acid components in the precipitation; instead, they demonstrate neutralization of acidity. Ca2+ and NH4+ were the dominant cations in the rainwater, with VWM concentrations of 156 and 33μeq/L, respectively. SO42− was the predominant anion, with a VWM concentration of 152μeq/L, followed by NO3− (17μeq/L). Our results show that most of the acidity in the collected samples was neutralized by Ca2+-rich alkaline soil dusts. We compared our findings with other areas of China that experience acid rain. The concentration of ions in Puding rainwater generally exceeded that reported in southern China but was lower than in northern China. This is probably due to karst rock desertification, which could provide the atmosphere with a source of alkaline dust. From back-trajectory analysis, correlation studies, and a comparison of major ion composition with other selected sites worldwide, we conclude that the rainwater ion composition of Puding is more significantly influenced by terrestrial and anthropogenic sources (mainly due to industrial and traffic emissions in surrounding large cities), rather than by marine sources. ► The chemical composition of rainwater collected in a typical agricultural site in China. ► The pH value was higher than expected due to neutralization by alkaline dust particles. ► Rock desertification of karst may provide the alkaline dust to the atmosphere. ► Results suggest the pollution transported from cities in the surrounding area. |
Author | Tao, Faxiang Wu, Qixin Han, Guilin Tang, Yang |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Qixin surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Qixin organization: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Guilin surname: Han fullname: Han, Guilin email: hanguilin@vip.skleg.cn organization: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Faxiang surname: Tao fullname: Tao, Faxiang organization: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Yang surname: Tang fullname: Tang, Yang organization: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China |
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Keywords | Rainwater Chemical composition Karst Southwest China Agricultural area atmospheric precipitation aerosols neutralization Backward trajectory rain water urban areas urbanization Ion composition Sulfur dioxide desertification acidity Correlation analysis pH acid rains Rainy season chemical composition dust Comparative study Anthropogenic factor |
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SubjectTerms | Agricultural area Agricultural chemicals Chemical composition China Concentration (composition) Earth, ocean, space Exact sciences and technology External geophysics Karst Karstic areas Meteorology Rainwater Rock Southwest Southwest China |
Title | Chemical composition of rainwater in a karstic agricultural area, Southwest China: The impact of urbanization |
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