The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of molecular mechanisms

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converte...

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Published inInflammation research Vol. 68; no. 11; pp. 915 - 932
Main Authors Korbecki, Jan, Bajdak-Rusinek, Karolina
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Cham Springer International Publishing 01.11.2019
Springer Nature B.V
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Abstract Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converted into phospholipids, diacylglycerol and ceramides. They trigger the activation of various signaling pathways that are common for LPS-mediated TLR4 activation. In particular, metabolic products of palmitic acid affect the activation of various PKCs, ER stress and cause an increase in ROS generation. Thanks to this, palmitic acid also strengthens the TLR4-induced signaling. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response induced by palmitic acid. In particular, we focus on describing its effect on ER stress and IRE1α, and the mechanisms of NF-κB activation. We also present the mechanisms of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and the effect of palmitic acid on enhanced inflammatory response by increasing the expression of FABP4/aP2. Finally, we focus on the consequences of inflammatory responses, in particular, the effect of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on insulin resistance. Due to the high importance of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by them, this work mainly focuses on these cells.
AbstractList Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converted into phospholipids, diacylglycerol and ceramides. They trigger the activation of various signaling pathways that are common for LPS-mediated TLR4 activation. In particular, metabolic products of palmitic acid affect the activation of various PKCs, ER stress and cause an increase in ROS generation. Thanks to this, palmitic acid also strengthens the TLR4-induced signaling. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response induced by palmitic acid. In particular, we focus on describing its effect on ER stress and IRE1α, and the mechanisms of NF-κB activation. We also present the mechanisms of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and the effect of palmitic acid on enhanced inflammatory response by increasing the expression of FABP4/aP2. Finally, we focus on the consequences of inflammatory responses, in particular, the effect of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on insulin resistance. Due to the high importance of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by them, this work mainly focuses on these cells.
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converted into phospholipids, diacylglycerol and ceramides. They trigger the activation of various signaling pathways that are common for LPS-mediated TLR4 activation. In particular, metabolic products of palmitic acid affect the activation of various PKCs, ER stress and cause an increase in ROS generation. Thanks to this, palmitic acid also strengthens the TLR4-induced signaling. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response induced by palmitic acid. In particular, we focus on describing its effect on ER stress and IRE1α, and the mechanisms of NF-κB activation. We also present the mechanisms of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and the effect of palmitic acid on enhanced inflammatory response by increasing the expression of FABP4/aP2. Finally, we focus on the consequences of inflammatory responses, in particular, the effect of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on insulin resistance. Due to the high importance of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by them, this work mainly focuses on these cells.Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converted into phospholipids, diacylglycerol and ceramides. They trigger the activation of various signaling pathways that are common for LPS-mediated TLR4 activation. In particular, metabolic products of palmitic acid affect the activation of various PKCs, ER stress and cause an increase in ROS generation. Thanks to this, palmitic acid also strengthens the TLR4-induced signaling. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response induced by palmitic acid. In particular, we focus on describing its effect on ER stress and IRE1α, and the mechanisms of NF-κB activation. We also present the mechanisms of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and the effect of palmitic acid on enhanced inflammatory response by increasing the expression of FABP4/aP2. Finally, we focus on the consequences of inflammatory responses, in particular, the effect of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on insulin resistance. Due to the high importance of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by them, this work mainly focuses on these cells.
Author Bajdak-Rusinek, Karolina
Korbecki, Jan
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Jan
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1642-1259
  surname: Korbecki
  fullname: Korbecki, Jan
  email: jan.korbecki@onet.eu
  organization: Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Karolina
  surname: Bajdak-Rusinek
  fullname: Bajdak-Rusinek, Karolina
  organization: Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31363792$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 11
Keywords Obesity
Insulin resistance
Inflammation
Palmitic acid
Saturated fatty acid
Macrophage
Language English
License Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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PublicationSubtitle Official Journal of: The International Association of Inflammation Societies + The European Histamine Research Society
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Snippet Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors...
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SubjectTerms Activation
Allergology
Animals
Baby foods
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Blood levels
Cytokines
Dermatology
Diglycerides
Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins - metabolism
Fatty acids
Humans
IL-1β
Immune system
Immunology
Inflammasomes
Inflammation
Inflammatory response
Insulin
Insulin resistance
Interleukin 6
Lipopolysaccharides
Macrophages
Macrophages - metabolism
Metabolic rate
Molecular modelling
Neurology
NF-κB protein
Obesity - metabolism
Palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid - metabolism
Pharmacology/Toxicology
Phospholipids
PPAR gamma - metabolism
Protein kinase C
Proteins
Receptors
Review
Rheumatology
Signaling
TLR2 protein
TLR4 protein
Toll-like receptors
Toll-Like Receptors - metabolism
Tumor necrosis factor-α
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Title The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of molecular mechanisms
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