The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates
Background According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. GBD builds on epidemiological studies (published and unpublished) which are notable for wide variations in both their methodologies and their prevalen...
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| Published in | Journal of headache and pain Vol. 23; no. 1; pp. 34 - 17 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Milan
Springer Milan
01.12.2022
Springer Nature B.V BMC |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Background
According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. GBD builds on epidemiological studies (published and unpublished) which are notable for wide variations in both their methodologies and their prevalence estimates.
Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on ≥15 days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. Our second aim was to analyse how methodological factors influenced prevalence estimates.
Methods
In a narrative review, all prevalence studies published until 2020, excluding those of clinic populations, were identified through a literature search. Prevalence data were extracted, along with those related to methodology, world region and publication year. Bivariate analyses (correlations or comparisons of means) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed.
Results
From 357 publications, the vast majority from high-income countries, the estimated global prevalence of active headache disorder was 52.0% (95%CI 48.9–55.4), of migraine 14.0% (12.9–15.2), of TTH 26.0% (22.7–29.5) and of H15+ 4.6% (3.9–5.5). These estimates were comparable with those of migraine and TTH in GBD2019, the most recent iteration, but higher for headache overall. Each day, 15.8% of the world’s population had headache. MLR analyses explained less than 30% of the variation. Methodological factors contributing to variation, were publication year, sample size, inclusion of probable diagnoses, sub-population sampling (e.g., of health-care personnel), sampling method (random or not), screening question (neutral, or qualified in severity or presumed cause) and scope of enquiry (headache disorders only or multiple other conditions). With these taken into account, migraine prevalence estimates increased over the years, while estimates for all headache types varied between world regions.
Conclusion
The review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings. These variations render uncertain both the increase in migraine prevalence estimates over time, and the geographical differences. More and better studies are needed in low- and middle-income countries. |
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| AbstractList | According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. GBD builds on epidemiological studies (published and unpublished) which are notable for wide variations in both their methodologies and their prevalence estimates. Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on ≥15 days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. Our second aim was to analyse how methodological factors influenced prevalence estimates.
In a narrative review, all prevalence studies published until 2020, excluding those of clinic populations, were identified through a literature search. Prevalence data were extracted, along with those related to methodology, world region and publication year. Bivariate analyses (correlations or comparisons of means) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed.
From 357 publications, the vast majority from high-income countries, the estimated global prevalence of active headache disorder was 52.0% (95%CI 48.9-55.4), of migraine 14.0% (12.9-15.2), of TTH 26.0% (22.7-29.5) and of H15+ 4.6% (3.9-5.5). These estimates were comparable with those of migraine and TTH in GBD2019, the most recent iteration, but higher for headache overall. Each day, 15.8% of the world's population had headache. MLR analyses explained less than 30% of the variation. Methodological factors contributing to variation, were publication year, sample size, inclusion of probable diagnoses, sub-population sampling (e.g., of health-care personnel), sampling method (random or not), screening question (neutral, or qualified in severity or presumed cause) and scope of enquiry (headache disorders only or multiple other conditions). With these taken into account, migraine prevalence estimates increased over the years, while estimates for all headache types varied between world regions.
The review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings. These variations render uncertain both the increase in migraine prevalence estimates over time, and the geographical differences. More and better studies are needed in low- and middle-income countries. BackgroundAccording to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. GBD builds on epidemiological studies (published and unpublished) which are notable for wide variations in both their methodologies and their prevalence estimates.Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on ≥15 days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. Our second aim was to analyse how methodological factors influenced prevalence estimates.MethodsIn a narrative review, all prevalence studies published until 2020, excluding those of clinic populations, were identified through a literature search. Prevalence data were extracted, along with those related to methodology, world region and publication year. Bivariate analyses (correlations or comparisons of means) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed.ResultsFrom 357 publications, the vast majority from high-income countries, the estimated global prevalence of active headache disorder was 52.0% (95%CI 48.9–55.4), of migraine 14.0% (12.9–15.2), of TTH 26.0% (22.7–29.5) and of H15+ 4.6% (3.9–5.5). These estimates were comparable with those of migraine and TTH in GBD2019, the most recent iteration, but higher for headache overall. Each day, 15.8% of the world’s population had headache. MLR analyses explained less than 30% of the variation. Methodological factors contributing to variation, were publication year, sample size, inclusion of probable diagnoses, sub-population sampling (e.g., of health-care personnel), sampling method (random or not), screening question (neutral, or qualified in severity or presumed cause) and scope of enquiry (headache disorders only or multiple other conditions). With these taken into account, migraine prevalence estimates increased over the years, while estimates for all headache types varied between world regions.ConclusionThe review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings. These variations render uncertain both the increase in migraine prevalence estimates over time, and the geographical differences. More and better studies are needed in low- and middle-income countries. Abstract Background According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. GBD builds on epidemiological studies (published and unpublished) which are notable for wide variations in both their methodologies and their prevalence estimates. Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on ≥15 days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. Our second aim was to analyse how methodological factors influenced prevalence estimates. Methods In a narrative review, all prevalence studies published until 2020, excluding those of clinic populations, were identified through a literature search. Prevalence data were extracted, along with those related to methodology, world region and publication year. Bivariate analyses (correlations or comparisons of means) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed. Results From 357 publications, the vast majority from high-income countries, the estimated global prevalence of active headache disorder was 52.0% (95%CI 48.9–55.4), of migraine 14.0% (12.9–15.2), of TTH 26.0% (22.7–29.5) and of H15+ 4.6% (3.9–5.5). These estimates were comparable with those of migraine and TTH in GBD2019, the most recent iteration, but higher for headache overall. Each day, 15.8% of the world’s population had headache. MLR analyses explained less than 30% of the variation. Methodological factors contributing to variation, were publication year, sample size, inclusion of probable diagnoses, sub-population sampling (e.g., of health-care personnel), sampling method (random or not), screening question (neutral, or qualified in severity or presumed cause) and scope of enquiry (headache disorders only or multiple other conditions). With these taken into account, migraine prevalence estimates increased over the years, while estimates for all headache types varied between world regions. Conclusion The review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings. These variations render uncertain both the increase in migraine prevalence estimates over time, and the geographical differences. More and better studies are needed in low- and middle-income countries. Background According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. GBD builds on epidemiological studies (published and unpublished) which are notable for wide variations in both their methodologies and their prevalence estimates. Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on ≥15 days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. Our second aim was to analyse how methodological factors influenced prevalence estimates. Methods In a narrative review, all prevalence studies published until 2020, excluding those of clinic populations, were identified through a literature search. Prevalence data were extracted, along with those related to methodology, world region and publication year. Bivariate analyses (correlations or comparisons of means) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed. Results From 357 publications, the vast majority from high-income countries, the estimated global prevalence of active headache disorder was 52.0% (95%CI 48.9–55.4), of migraine 14.0% (12.9–15.2), of TTH 26.0% (22.7–29.5) and of H15+ 4.6% (3.9–5.5). These estimates were comparable with those of migraine and TTH in GBD2019, the most recent iteration, but higher for headache overall. Each day, 15.8% of the world’s population had headache. MLR analyses explained less than 30% of the variation. Methodological factors contributing to variation, were publication year, sample size, inclusion of probable diagnoses, sub-population sampling (e.g., of health-care personnel), sampling method (random or not), screening question (neutral, or qualified in severity or presumed cause) and scope of enquiry (headache disorders only or multiple other conditions). With these taken into account, migraine prevalence estimates increased over the years, while estimates for all headache types varied between world regions. Conclusion The review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings. These variations render uncertain both the increase in migraine prevalence estimates over time, and the geographical differences. More and better studies are needed in low- and middle-income countries. According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. GBD builds on epidemiological studies (published and unpublished) which are notable for wide variations in both their methodologies and their prevalence estimates. Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on ≥15 days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. Our second aim was to analyse how methodological factors influenced prevalence estimates.BACKGROUNDAccording to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. GBD builds on epidemiological studies (published and unpublished) which are notable for wide variations in both their methodologies and their prevalence estimates. Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on ≥15 days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. Our second aim was to analyse how methodological factors influenced prevalence estimates.In a narrative review, all prevalence studies published until 2020, excluding those of clinic populations, were identified through a literature search. Prevalence data were extracted, along with those related to methodology, world region and publication year. Bivariate analyses (correlations or comparisons of means) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed.METHODSIn a narrative review, all prevalence studies published until 2020, excluding those of clinic populations, were identified through a literature search. Prevalence data were extracted, along with those related to methodology, world region and publication year. Bivariate analyses (correlations or comparisons of means) and multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed.From 357 publications, the vast majority from high-income countries, the estimated global prevalence of active headache disorder was 52.0% (95%CI 48.9-55.4), of migraine 14.0% (12.9-15.2), of TTH 26.0% (22.7-29.5) and of H15+ 4.6% (3.9-5.5). These estimates were comparable with those of migraine and TTH in GBD2019, the most recent iteration, but higher for headache overall. Each day, 15.8% of the world's population had headache. MLR analyses explained less than 30% of the variation. Methodological factors contributing to variation, were publication year, sample size, inclusion of probable diagnoses, sub-population sampling (e.g., of health-care personnel), sampling method (random or not), screening question (neutral, or qualified in severity or presumed cause) and scope of enquiry (headache disorders only or multiple other conditions). With these taken into account, migraine prevalence estimates increased over the years, while estimates for all headache types varied between world regions.RESULTSFrom 357 publications, the vast majority from high-income countries, the estimated global prevalence of active headache disorder was 52.0% (95%CI 48.9-55.4), of migraine 14.0% (12.9-15.2), of TTH 26.0% (22.7-29.5) and of H15+ 4.6% (3.9-5.5). These estimates were comparable with those of migraine and TTH in GBD2019, the most recent iteration, but higher for headache overall. Each day, 15.8% of the world's population had headache. MLR analyses explained less than 30% of the variation. Methodological factors contributing to variation, were publication year, sample size, inclusion of probable diagnoses, sub-population sampling (e.g., of health-care personnel), sampling method (random or not), screening question (neutral, or qualified in severity or presumed cause) and scope of enquiry (headache disorders only or multiple other conditions). With these taken into account, migraine prevalence estimates increased over the years, while estimates for all headache types varied between world regions.The review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings. These variations render uncertain both the increase in migraine prevalence estimates over time, and the geographical differences. More and better studies are needed in low- and middle-income countries.CONCLUSIONThe review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings. These variations render uncertain both the increase in migraine prevalence estimates over time, and the geographical differences. More and better studies are needed in low- and middle-income countries. |
| ArticleNumber | 34 |
| Author | Linde, Mattias Stovner, Lars Jacob Steiner, Timothy J. Hagen, Knut |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Lars Jacob orcidid: 0000-0003-0547-5892 surname: Stovner fullname: Stovner, Lars Jacob email: lars.stovner@ntnu.no organization: Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St Olavs University Hospital – sequence: 2 givenname: Knut surname: Hagen fullname: Hagen, Knut organization: Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology – sequence: 3 givenname: Mattias surname: Linde fullname: Linde, Mattias organization: Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Tjörns Headache Clinic – sequence: 4 givenname: Timothy J. surname: Steiner fullname: Steiner, Timothy J. organization: Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35410119$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 12 year: 2022 text: 2022-12-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Milan |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Milan – name: England – name: Milano |
| PublicationSubtitle | Official Journal of the "European Headache Federation" and of "Lifting The Burden - The Global Campaign against Headache" |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of headache and pain |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | J Headache Pain |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | J Headache Pain |
| PublicationYear | 2022 |
| Publisher | Springer Milan Springer Nature B.V BMC |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Springer Milan – name: Springer Nature B.V – name: BMC |
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| References_xml | – volume: 22 start-page: 63 year: 2021 ident: CR29 article-title: A universal outcome measure for headache treatments, care-delivery systems and economic analysis publication-title: J Headache Pain doi: 10.1186/s10194-021-01269-9 – volume: 27 start-page: 193 year: 2007 end-page: 210 ident: CR5 article-title: The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide publication-title: Cephalalgia doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01288.x – volume: 52 start-page: 1369 year: 2012 end-page: 1376 ident: CR23 article-title: Migraine among Norwegian neurologists publication-title: Headache doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02216.x – volume: 30 start-page: 868 year: 2010 end-page: 877 ident: CR32 article-title: Use of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition, criteria in the diagnosis of primary headache in schoolchildren: epidemiology study from eastern Turkey publication-title: Cephalalgia doi: 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Pain doi: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-5 – volume: 19 start-page: 18 year: 2018 ident: CR24 article-title: Undifferentiated headache: broadening the approach to headache in children and adolescents, with supporting evidence from a nationwide school-based cross-sectional survey in Turkey publication-title: J Headache Pain doi: 10.1186/s10194-018-0847-1 – volume: 59 start-page: 215 year: 2019 end-page: 223 ident: CR30 article-title: Sex Differences in Prevalence, Symptoms, Impact, and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Migraine and Probable Migraine: A Population-Based Study publication-title: Headache doi: 10.1111/head.13470 – volume: 38 start-page: 1 year: 2018 end-page: 211 ident: CR9 article-title: The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition publication-title: Cephalalgia – volume: 372 start-page: 307 year: 2017 end-page: 315 ident: CR6 article-title: Migraine affects 1 in 10 people worldwide featuring recent rise: A systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based studies involving 6 million participants publication-title: J Neurol Sci doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.071 – ident: CR3 – volume: 3 start-page: 204 year: 2004 end-page: 205 ident: CR1 article-title: Lifting the burden: The global campaign against headache publication-title: Lancet Neurol doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00703-3 – volume: 127 start-page: 59 year: 2020 end-page: 68 ident: CR14 article-title: Quality assessment of prevalence studies: a systematic review publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.039 – ident: CR13 – volume: 52 start-page: 1088 year: 2010 end-page: 1097 ident: CR8 article-title: Prevalence of headache and migraine in children and adolescents: a systematic review of population-based studies publication-title: Dev Med Child Neurol doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03793.x – ident: CR11 – volume: 15 start-page: 3 year: 2014 ident: CR15 article-title: Diagnosis, prevalence estimation and burden measurement in population surveys of headache: presenting the HARDSHIP questionnaire publication-title: J Headache Pain doi: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-3 – volume: 2020 start-page: 4790254 year: 2020 ident: CR7 article-title: The Epidemiology of Migraine Headache in Arab Countries: A Systematic Review publication-title: ScientificWorldJournal doi: 10.1155/2020/4790254 – volume: 8 start-page: 1 issue: Suppl 7 year: 1988 end-page: 96 ident: CR10 article-title: Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain publication-title: Cephalalgia – volume: 31 start-page: 585 year: 2011 end-page: 596 ident: CR17 article-title: Time trends in the prevalence of headache disorders. The Nord-Trondelag Health Studies (HUNT 2 and HUNT 3) publication-title: Cephalalgia doi: 10.1177/0333102410391488 – volume: 388 start-page: 1545 year: 2015 end-page: 1602 ident: CR26 article-title: Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2016) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 publication-title: Lancet – volume: 24 start-page: 960 year: 2004 end-page: 966 ident: CR31 article-title: Prevalence of migraine in a rural area in South Tanzania: a door-to-door survey publication-title: Cephalalgia doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00775.x – volume: 24 start-page: 1055 year: 2017 end-page: 1061 ident: CR16 article-title: Migraine associated with altitude: results from a population-based study in Nepal publication-title: Eur J Neurol doi: 10.1111/ene.13334 – volume: 20 start-page: 243 year: 2005 end-page: 249 ident: CR20 article-title: Has the prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache changed over a 12-year period? A Danish population survey publication-title: Eur J Epidemiol doi: 10.1007/s10654-004-6519-2 – ident: CR28 – volume: 61 start-page: 1271 year: 2003 ident: 1402_CR21 publication-title: Neurology doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000090628.46508.D4 – ident: 1402_CR28 doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00703.x – volume: 59 start-page: 215 year: 2019 ident: 1402_CR30 publication-title: Headache doi: 10.1111/head.13470 – volume: 52 start-page: 1088 year: 2010 ident: 1402_CR8 publication-title: Dev Med Child Neurol doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03793.x – ident: 1402_CR11 – volume: 25 start-page: 433 year: 2005 ident: 1402_CR18 publication-title: Cephalalgia doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00873.x – ident: 1402_CR13 – volume: 58 start-page: 885 year: 2002 ident: 1402_CR19 publication-title: Neurology doi: 10.1212/WNL.58.6.885 – volume: 15 start-page: 3 year: 2014 ident: 1402_CR15 publication-title: J Headache Pain doi: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-3 – volume: 380 start-page: 2163 year: 2012 ident: 1402_CR25 publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 – ident: 1402_CR27 – volume: 19 start-page: 18 year: 2018 ident: 1402_CR24 publication-title: J Headache Pain doi: 10.1186/s10194-018-0847-1 – volume: 3 start-page: 204 year: 2004 ident: 1402_CR1 publication-title: Lancet Neurol doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00703-3 – volume: 8 start-page: 1 issue: Suppl 7 year: 1988 ident: 1402_CR10 publication-title: Cephalalgia – volume: 127 start-page: 59 year: 2020 ident: 1402_CR14 publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.039 – volume: 20 start-page: 243 year: 2005 ident: 1402_CR20 publication-title: Eur J Epidemiol doi: 10.1007/s10654-004-6519-2 – volume: 24 start-page: 960 year: 2004 ident: 1402_CR31 publication-title: Cephalalgia doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00775.x – volume: 372 start-page: 307 year: 2017 ident: 1402_CR6 publication-title: J Neurol Sci doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.071 – volume: 2020 start-page: 4790254 year: 2020 ident: 1402_CR7 publication-title: ScientificWorldJournal doi: 10.1155/2020/4790254 – volume: 9 start-page: 289 year: 2008 ident: 1402_CR12 publication-title: J Headache Pain doi: 10.1007/s10194-008-0062-6 – ident: 1402_CR3 doi: 10.1186/s10194-020-01208-0 – volume: 27 start-page: 193 year: 2007 ident: 1402_CR5 publication-title: Cephalalgia doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01288.x – volume: 17 start-page: 954 year: 2018 ident: 1402_CR2 publication-title: Lancet Neurol doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30322-3 – volume: 30 start-page: 868 year: 2010 ident: 1402_CR32 publication-title: Cephalalgia doi: 10.1177/0333102409355837 – volume: 38 start-page: 1 year: 2018 ident: 1402_CR9 publication-title: Cephalalgia – volume: 24 start-page: 1055 year: 2017 ident: 1402_CR16 publication-title: Eur J Neurol doi: 10.1111/ene.13334 – volume: 15 start-page: 5 year: 2014 ident: 1402_CR4 publication-title: J Headache Pain doi: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-5 – volume: 388 start-page: 1545 year: 2015 ident: 1402_CR26 publication-title: Lancet – volume: 31 start-page: 585 year: 2011 ident: 1402_CR17 publication-title: Cephalalgia doi: 10.1177/0333102410391488 – volume: 22 start-page: 63 year: 2021 ident: 1402_CR29 publication-title: J Headache Pain doi: 10.1186/s10194-021-01269-9 – volume: 52 start-page: 1369 year: 2012 ident: 1402_CR23 publication-title: Headache doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02216.x – volume: 50 start-page: 1115 year: 2010 ident: 1402_CR22 publication-title: Headache doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01660.x |
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According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. GBD... According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. GBD builds on... BackgroundAccording to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. GBD builds... Abstract Background According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Epidemiology Geographical variations Headache Headache - epidemiology Headache Disorders - epidemiology Headaches Humans Internal Medicine Medicine Medicine & Public Health Methodology Migraine Migraine Disorders - epidemiology Narrative review Neurology Pain Medicine Prevalence Review Review Article Sampling Tension-type headache Tension-Type Headache - epidemiology |
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| Title | The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates |
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