Unwilling or unable? Using three-dimensional tracking to evaluate dogs' reactions to differing human intentions
The extent to which dogs ( Canis familiaris ) as a domesticated species understand human intentions is still a matter of debate. The unwilling–unable paradigm has been developed to examine whether nonhuman animals are sensitive to intentions underlying human actions. In this paradigm, subjects tende...
Saved in:
| Published in | Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences Vol. 290; no. 1991; p. 20221621 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
The Royal Society
25.01.2023
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0962-8452 1471-2954 1471-2954 |
| DOI | 10.1098/rspb.2022.1621 |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | The extent to which dogs (
Canis familiaris
) as a domesticated species understand human intentions is still a matter of debate. The unwilling–unable paradigm has been developed to examine whether nonhuman animals are sensitive to intentions underlying human actions. In this paradigm, subjects tended to wait longer in the testing area when presented with a human that appeared willing but unable to transfer food to them compared to an unwilling (teasing) human. In the present study, we conducted the unwilling–unable paradigm with dogs using a detailed behavioural analysis based on machine-learning driven three-dimensional tracking. Throughout two preregistered experiments, we found evidence, in line with our prediction, that dogs reacted more impatiently to actions signalling unwillingness to transfer food rather than inability. These differences were consistent through two different samples of pet dogs (total
n
= 96) and they were evident also in the machine-learning generated three-dimensional tracking data. Our results therefore provide robust evidence that dogs distinguish between similar actions (leading to the same outcome) associated with different intentions. However, their reactions did not lead to any measurable preference for one experimenter over the other in a subsequent transfer phase. We discuss different cognitive mechanisms that might underlie dogs’ performance in this paradigm. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The extent to which dogs (
) as a domesticated species understand human intentions is still a matter of debate. The unwilling-unable paradigm has been developed to examine whether nonhuman animals are sensitive to intentions underlying human actions. In this paradigm, subjects tended to wait longer in the testing area when presented with a human that appeared willing but unable to transfer food to them compared to an unwilling (teasing) human. In the present study, we conducted the unwilling-unable paradigm with dogs using a detailed behavioural analysis based on machine-learning driven three-dimensional tracking. Throughout two preregistered experiments, we found evidence, in line with our prediction, that dogs reacted more impatiently to actions signalling unwillingness to transfer food rather than inability. These differences were consistent through two different samples of pet dogs (total
= 96) and they were evident also in the machine-learning generated three-dimensional tracking data. Our results therefore provide robust evidence that dogs distinguish between similar actions (leading to the same outcome) associated with different intentions. However, their reactions did not lead to any measurable preference for one experimenter over the other in a subsequent transfer phase. We discuss different cognitive mechanisms that might underlie dogs' performance in this paradigm. The extent to which dogs ( Canis familiaris ) as a domesticated species understand human intentions is still a matter of debate. The unwilling–unable paradigm has been developed to examine whether nonhuman animals are sensitive to intentions underlying human actions. In this paradigm, subjects tended to wait longer in the testing area when presented with a human that appeared willing but unable to transfer food to them compared to an unwilling (teasing) human. In the present study, we conducted the unwilling–unable paradigm with dogs using a detailed behavioural analysis based on machine-learning driven three-dimensional tracking. Throughout two preregistered experiments, we found evidence, in line with our prediction, that dogs reacted more impatiently to actions signalling unwillingness to transfer food rather than inability. These differences were consistent through two different samples of pet dogs (total n = 96) and they were evident also in the machine-learning generated three-dimensional tracking data. Our results therefore provide robust evidence that dogs distinguish between similar actions (leading to the same outcome) associated with different intentions. However, their reactions did not lead to any measurable preference for one experimenter over the other in a subsequent transfer phase. We discuss different cognitive mechanisms that might underlie dogs’ performance in this paradigm. The extent to which dogs (Canis familiaris) as a domesticated species understand human intentions is still a matter of debate. The unwilling-unable paradigm has been developed to examine whether nonhuman animals are sensitive to intentions underlying human actions. In this paradigm, subjects tended to wait longer in the testing area when presented with a human that appeared willing but unable to transfer food to them compared to an unwilling (teasing) human. In the present study, we conducted the unwilling-unable paradigm with dogs using a detailed behavioural analysis based on machine-learning driven three-dimensional tracking. Throughout two preregistered experiments, we found evidence, in line with our prediction, that dogs reacted more impatiently to actions signalling unwillingness to transfer food rather than inability. These differences were consistent through two different samples of pet dogs (total n = 96) and they were evident also in the machine-learning generated three-dimensional tracking data. Our results therefore provide robust evidence that dogs distinguish between similar actions (leading to the same outcome) associated with different intentions. However, their reactions did not lead to any measurable preference for one experimenter over the other in a subsequent transfer phase. We discuss different cognitive mechanisms that might underlie dogs' performance in this paradigm.The extent to which dogs (Canis familiaris) as a domesticated species understand human intentions is still a matter of debate. The unwilling-unable paradigm has been developed to examine whether nonhuman animals are sensitive to intentions underlying human actions. In this paradigm, subjects tended to wait longer in the testing area when presented with a human that appeared willing but unable to transfer food to them compared to an unwilling (teasing) human. In the present study, we conducted the unwilling-unable paradigm with dogs using a detailed behavioural analysis based on machine-learning driven three-dimensional tracking. Throughout two preregistered experiments, we found evidence, in line with our prediction, that dogs reacted more impatiently to actions signalling unwillingness to transfer food rather than inability. These differences were consistent through two different samples of pet dogs (total n = 96) and they were evident also in the machine-learning generated three-dimensional tracking data. Our results therefore provide robust evidence that dogs distinguish between similar actions (leading to the same outcome) associated with different intentions. However, their reactions did not lead to any measurable preference for one experimenter over the other in a subsequent transfer phase. We discuss different cognitive mechanisms that might underlie dogs' performance in this paradigm. |
| Author | Schranz, Monique-Theres Steinmann, Maud G. G. M. Huber, Ludwig Dobernig, Iris Ramos, Carolina Frizzo Gerwisch, Karoline Lonardo, Lucrezia Völter, Christoph J. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Christoph J. orcidid: 0000-0002-8368-7201 surname: Völter fullname: Völter, Christoph J. organization: Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 2 givenname: Lucrezia orcidid: 0000-0002-7006-3766 surname: Lonardo fullname: Lonardo, Lucrezia organization: Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 3 givenname: Maud G. G. M. surname: Steinmann fullname: Steinmann, Maud G. G. M. organization: HAS University of Applied Sciences, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands – sequence: 4 givenname: Carolina Frizzo surname: Ramos fullname: Ramos, Carolina Frizzo organization: Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 5 givenname: Karoline surname: Gerwisch fullname: Gerwisch, Karoline organization: Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 6 givenname: Monique-Theres surname: Schranz fullname: Schranz, Monique-Theres organization: Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 7 givenname: Iris surname: Dobernig fullname: Dobernig, Iris organization: Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 8 givenname: Ludwig orcidid: 0000-0002-0217-136X surname: Huber fullname: Huber, Ludwig organization: Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36695031$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNp1Ub9P3DAYtSpQOWjXjlU2uuSwHTuJFxBCQCshsXCz5dhf7tw69mEnVP3v63AcapGYrM_vl_TeMTrwwQNCXwheEizas5i23ZJiSpekpuQDWhDWkJIKzg7QAouali3j9Agdp_QTYyx4yz-io6quBccVWaCw8r-tc9avixCLyavOwUWxSvPHuIkApbED-GSDV64Yo9K_nqFQwJNykxqhMGGdTosISo-ZlWbM2L6HOBM306B8Yf0I_hn9hA575RJ8fnlP0Orm-uHqe3l3f_vj6vKu1LwSY2l6A7RmtTLAu9ownS-jieBNr4WgjLWMgcKcktZowSvW5TIqEDW0jaDQVifofOe7nboBjM7xUTm5jXZQ8Y8Mysr_EW83ch2epGgblpOzwbcXgxgeJ0ijHGzS4JzyEKYkaZMrFLSiTaZ-_TfrNWTfciawHUHHkFKEXmo7qrmPHG2dJFjOY8p5TDmPKecxs2z5RrZ3fkfwF86GpP0 |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neubiorev_2024_105700 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13420_024_00635_2 crossref_primary_10_1111_eth_13430 crossref_primary_10_1098_rsbl_2023_0407 crossref_primary_10_1162_imag_a_00385 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neubiorev_2024_105621 crossref_primary_10_1080_09515089_2024_2391430 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1007/s10071-015-0857-1 10.31234/osf.io/5x8m2 10.1007/s10071-005-0257-z 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00368.x 10.1037/0012-1649.31.5.838 10.1037/1082-989X.11.1.54 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.07.009 10.1037/com0000149 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.12.009 10.1098/rspb.2021.0906 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.12.012 10.32614/RJ-2017-066 10.1017/S0140525X05000129 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00661-H 10.1007/s10071-012-0481-2 10.1007/s10071-020-01396-x 10.1016/j.lmot.2013.05.001 10.1177/0963721416656329 10.1371/journal.pone.0106530 10.7717/peerj.3227 10.1101/2022.07.09.499322 10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.008 10.1037/0012-1649.41.2.328 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00840.x 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104747 10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.257 10.1017/S0140525X00076512 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00058-4 10.1371/journal.pone.0021676 10.1126/science.1072702 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01120.x 10.1016/j.cub.2011.12.018 10.1016/B978-0-12-407818-5.00010-3 10.1007/s10071-009-0221-4 10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00039-6 10.1037/a0039462 10.1075/is.11.3.06per 10.3758/s13420-011-0043-5 10.1007/s10071-017-1082-x 10.1007/s10071-007-0127-y 10.1126/science.1176960 10.1007/s10071-014-0773-9 10.1038/s41598-021-94374-3 10.1016/S0163-6383(98)90009-1 10.31234/osf.io/f86jq 10.1098/rstb.2009.0060 10.1016/j.beproc.2004.01.012 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2023 The Authors. 2023 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2023 The Authors. 2023 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 5PM |
| DOI | 10.1098/rspb.2022.1621 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic CrossRef |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Sciences (General) Biology |
| DocumentTitleAlternate | Unwilling or unable? Using three-dimensional tracking to evaluate dogs' reactions to differing human intentions |
| EISSN | 1471-2954 |
| ExternalDocumentID | PMC9874264 36695031 10_1098_rspb_2022_1621 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Austrian Science Fund FWF grantid: W 1262 – fundername: ; grantid: W1262-B29 |
| GroupedDBID | --- -~X 0R~ 29P 2WC 36Y 4.4 5RE 85S AACGO AANCE AAYXX ABPLY ABTLG ACIWK ACNCT ACPRK ACQIA ADBBV ADIYS AFRAH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALMYZ AOIJS BAWUL BTFSW CITATION CS3 DIK E3Z EBS F5P FRP GX1 H13 HYE HZ~ JLS JSG KQ8 MRS O9- OK1 RPM TR2 W8F ~02 CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c539t-dfde2646ade5b6d4ce26dc1957fc99244844ea05218dc9534b0983e96e8792e83 |
| ISSN | 0962-8452 1471-2954 |
| IngestDate | Thu Aug 21 18:38:45 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 11 06:20:35 EDT 2025 Sat May 31 02:12:03 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 01:05:23 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:03:18 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 1991 |
| Keywords | canine cognition goal understanding intentions comparative cognition theory of mind |
| Language | English |
| License | Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c539t-dfde2646ade5b6d4ce26dc1957fc99244844ea05218dc9534b0983e96e8792e83 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Electronic supplementary material is available online at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6387880. |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8368-7201 0000-0002-7006-3766 0000-0002-0217-136X |
| OpenAccessLink | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9874264 |
| PMID | 36695031 |
| PQID | 2769592327 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| ParticipantIDs | pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_9874264 proquest_miscellaneous_2769592327 pubmed_primary_36695031 crossref_citationtrail_10_1098_rspb_2022_1621 crossref_primary_10_1098_rspb_2022_1621 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2023-01-25 20230125 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2023-01-25 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 01 year: 2023 text: 2023-01-25 day: 25 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England |
| PublicationTitle | Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Proc Biol Sci |
| PublicationYear | 2023 |
| Publisher | The Royal Society |
| Publisher_xml | – name: The Royal Society |
| References | e_1_3_7_20_2 e_1_3_7_43_2 e_1_3_7_22_2 e_1_3_7_41_2 e_1_3_7_24_2 e_1_3_7_47_2 e_1_3_7_26_2 e_1_3_7_45_2 e_1_3_7_28_2 e_1_3_7_49_2 e_1_3_7_51_2 e_1_3_7_30_2 e_1_3_7_11_2 e_1_3_7_32_2 e_1_3_7_13_2 e_1_3_7_34_2 e_1_3_7_15_2 e_1_3_7_36_2 e_1_3_7_17_2 e_1_3_7_38_2 e_1_3_7_19_2 e_1_3_7_4_2 e_1_3_7_6_2 e_1_3_7_8_2 Bratman M (e_1_3_7_3_2) 1987 Dennett DC (e_1_3_7_2_2) 1989 e_1_3_7_40_2 e_1_3_7_44_2 e_1_3_7_21_2 e_1_3_7_42_2 e_1_3_7_23_2 e_1_3_7_48_2 e_1_3_7_25_2 e_1_3_7_46_2 e_1_3_7_27_2 e_1_3_7_29_2 e_1_3_7_9_2 e_1_3_7_50_2 e_1_3_7_31_2 e_1_3_7_10_2 e_1_3_7_33_2 e_1_3_7_52_2 e_1_3_7_12_2 e_1_3_7_35_2 e_1_3_7_14_2 e_1_3_7_37_2 e_1_3_7_16_2 e_1_3_7_39_2 e_1_3_7_18_2 e_1_3_7_5_2 e_1_3_7_7_2 |
| References_xml | – ident: e_1_3_7_23_2 doi: 10.1007/s10071-015-0857-1 – ident: e_1_3_7_37_2 doi: 10.31234/osf.io/5x8m2 – ident: e_1_3_7_31_2 doi: 10.1007/s10071-005-0257-z – ident: e_1_3_7_5_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00368.x – ident: e_1_3_7_7_2 doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.31.5.838 – ident: e_1_3_7_39_2 doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.11.1.54 – ident: e_1_3_7_45_2 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.07.009 – ident: e_1_3_7_34_2 doi: 10.1037/com0000149 – ident: e_1_3_7_44_2 doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.12.009 – ident: e_1_3_7_27_2 doi: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0906 – ident: e_1_3_7_41_2 doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.12.012 – ident: e_1_3_7_38_2 doi: 10.32614/RJ-2017-066 – ident: e_1_3_7_4_2 doi: 10.1017/S0140525X05000129 – volume-title: Intention, plans, and practical reason year: 1987 ident: e_1_3_7_3_2 – ident: e_1_3_7_9_2 doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00661-H – ident: e_1_3_7_21_2 doi: 10.1007/s10071-012-0481-2 – ident: e_1_3_7_12_2 doi: 10.1007/s10071-020-01396-x – ident: e_1_3_7_19_2 doi: 10.1016/j.lmot.2013.05.001 – ident: e_1_3_7_16_2 doi: 10.1177/0963721416656329 – ident: e_1_3_7_29_2 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106530 – ident: e_1_3_7_13_2 doi: 10.7717/peerj.3227 – ident: e_1_3_7_51_2 doi: 10.1101/2022.07.09.499322 – ident: e_1_3_7_42_2 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.008 – ident: e_1_3_7_6_2 doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.41.2.328 – ident: e_1_3_7_52_2 doi: 10.1101/2022.07.09.499322 – ident: e_1_3_7_11_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00840.x – ident: e_1_3_7_43_2 doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104747 – ident: e_1_3_7_47_2 doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.257 – ident: e_1_3_7_48_2 doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00076512 – ident: e_1_3_7_40_2 doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 – ident: e_1_3_7_32_2 doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00058-4 – ident: e_1_3_7_46_2 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021676 – ident: e_1_3_7_17_2 doi: 10.1126/science.1072702 – ident: e_1_3_7_20_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01120.x – ident: e_1_3_7_35_2 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.12.018 – ident: e_1_3_7_15_2 doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407818-5.00010-3 – ident: e_1_3_7_49_2 doi: 10.1007/s10071-009-0221-4 – ident: e_1_3_7_10_2 doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00039-6 – ident: e_1_3_7_50_2 doi: 10.1037/a0039462 – ident: e_1_3_7_14_2 doi: 10.1075/is.11.3.06per – ident: e_1_3_7_25_2 doi: 10.3758/s13420-011-0043-5 – ident: e_1_3_7_26_2 doi: 10.1007/s10071-017-1082-x – ident: e_1_3_7_18_2 doi: 10.1007/s10071-007-0127-y – ident: e_1_3_7_24_2 doi: 10.1126/science.1176960 – ident: e_1_3_7_28_2 doi: 10.1007/s10071-014-0773-9 – volume-title: The intentional stance year: 1989 ident: e_1_3_7_2_2 – ident: e_1_3_7_36_2 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94374-3 – ident: e_1_3_7_8_2 doi: 10.1016/S0163-6383(98)90009-1 – ident: e_1_3_7_22_2 doi: 10.31234/osf.io/f86jq – ident: e_1_3_7_33_2 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0060 – ident: e_1_3_7_30_2 doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2004.01.012 |
| SSID | ssj0009585 |
| Score | 2.4608521 |
| Snippet | The extent to which dogs (
Canis familiaris
) as a domesticated species understand human intentions is still a matter of debate. The unwilling–unable paradigm... The extent to which dogs ( ) as a domesticated species understand human intentions is still a matter of debate. The unwilling-unable paradigm has been... The extent to which dogs (Canis familiaris) as a domesticated species understand human intentions is still a matter of debate. The unwilling-unable paradigm... |
| SourceID | pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| StartPage | 20221621 |
| SubjectTerms | Animals Dogs Food Gestures Humans Intention Machine Learning Neuroscience and Cognition |
| Title | Unwilling or unable? Using three-dimensional tracking to evaluate dogs' reactions to differing human intentions |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36695031 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2769592327 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9874264 |
| Volume | 290 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1ti9NAEF7qiXJfxDv1rG-soJxSEtu8bLKfxDs8DzlF8Cr9FpLdrRavSWkTxP45_5oz2Ze2Vw9UCqHNbtKS5-nO7O7MM4Q8Axc6SfM08nLGx16UK-UVLJSeYCLGdQ8UkMFoi4_sdBi9H8WjTufXWtRSUxe-WP4xr-R_UIVzgCtmyf4Dsu6mcALeA75wBITh-FcYD8sfE62pXc17TZsF9Tw86ekwgBpQUp5E9f6FDSrPxfe2qbIq36onq69tIAU4j0JHxUGrLpuCXXUNPxSVKFdLe8aZ_eSM38KGGujVCBMK6veOWvpM3ABr7K3z47_gPv0RuzDVQZzSwWqz6gx--Vy267lnDXi4y4mzI5-xUOfUFHn-kDey9w5eK1nufKpDCI9NZSJw0ifLZbW-zhFglJenc6J9pcdmsKMebkuuD96BLjZqWcp16S87GoODMmA6A3vLVPQ5pj_MF7PCx37-5Y4A9WzaEidkjMd9Y6w2xblt0zVyPYB5Sls7ZDRYU31OY6cUmr7a_LJdctNevukUbc10LgfsrnlA57fJLTN1oW80D_dIR5X75IZG9-c-2TNmYkFfGC3zl3dI5ShKqznVFH1NW4LSLYJSS1BaV9QSlCJBD6mjJ7Y5etKWnnRFz7tkePL2_PjUMzU-PBGHvPbkWCrwyVkuVVwwGQn4JMWAx8lYcA6-ZxpFKscM81QKHodRAQ8yVJypNOGBSsN7ZKesSnWfUFEEfZarUKZREclI4sMvkphHIUuU7Msu8exDzoQRwMc6LBeZDsRIM8QnQ3wyxKdLDl3_mZZ-ubLnU4tZBqMzbrnlpaqaRRYkADDMoYKkSw40hu5eFvwuSTbQdR1Q-X2zpZx8axXgeZrgTObBlfd8SHZX_6FHZKeeN-oxeM918aRl6G_XUsmp |
| linkProvider | Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unwilling+or+unable%3F+Using+three-dimensional+tracking+to+evaluate+dogs%27+reactions+to+differing+human+intentions&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society.+B%2C+Biological+sciences&rft.au=V%C3%B6lter%2C+Christoph+J&rft.au=Lonardo%2C+Lucrezia&rft.au=Steinmann%2C+Maud+G+G+M&rft.au=Ramos%2C+Carolina+Frizzo&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft.eissn=1471-2954&rft.volume=290&rft.issue=1991&rft.spage=20221621&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2022.1621&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36695031&rft.externalDocID=36695031 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0962-8452&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0962-8452&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0962-8452&client=summon |