Beyond species loss the extinction of ecological interactions in a changing world

Summary The effects of the present biodiversity crisis have been largely focused on the loss of species. However, a missed component of biodiversity loss that often accompanies or even precedes species disappearance is the extinction of ecological interactions. Here, we propose a novel model that (i...

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Published in	Functional ecology Vol. 29; no. 3; pp. 299 - 307
Main Authors	Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso, Aizen, Marcelo A., Alcántara, Julio M., Arroyo, Juan, Cocucci, Andrea, Galetti, Mauro, García, María B., García, Daniel, Gómez, José M., Jordano, Pedro, Medel, Rodrigo, Navarro, Luis, Obeso, José R., Oviedo, Ramona, Ramírez, Nelson, Rey, Pedro J., Traveset, Anna, Verdú, Miguel, Zamora, Regino
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	London Wiley 01.03.2015 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects	Biodiversity Biodiversity loss biotic interactions case studies co‐evolution diversity Ecological effects Ecological function Ecosystem services Ecosystems Endangered & extinct species Environmental changes environmental degradation Extinction extinction debt of ecological interactions global change drivers Herbivores PERSPECTIVES Species diversity Species extinction
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Abstract	Summary The effects of the present biodiversity crisis have been largely focused on the loss of species. However, a missed component of biodiversity loss that often accompanies or even precedes species disappearance is the extinction of ecological interactions. Here, we propose a novel model that (i) relates the diversity of both species and interactions along a gradient of environmental deterioration and (ii) explores how the rate of loss of ecological functions, and consequently of ecosystem services, can be accelerated or restrained depending on how the rate of species loss covaries with the rate of interactions loss. We find that the loss of species and interactions are decoupled, such that ecological interactions are often lost at a higher rate. This implies that the loss of ecological interactions may occur well before species disappearance, affecting species functionality and ecosystems services at a faster rate than species extinctions. We provide a number of empirical case studies illustrating these points. Our approach emphasizes the importance of focusing on species interactions as the major biodiversity component from which the ‘health’ of ecosystems depends. Lay Summary
AbstractList	The effects of the present biodiversity crisis have been largely focused on the loss of species. However, a missed component of biodiversity loss that often accompanies or even precedes species disappearance is the extinction of ecological interactions. Here, we propose a novel model that (i) relates the diversity of both species and interactions along a gradient of environmental deterioration and (ii) explores how the rate of loss of ecological functions, and consequently of ecosystem services, can be accelerated or restrained depending on how the rate of species loss covaries with the rate of interactions loss. We find that the loss of species and interactions are decoupled, such that ecological interactions are often lost at a higher rate. This implies that the loss of ecological interactions may occur well before species disappearance, affecting species functionality and ecosystems services at a faster rate than species extinctions. We provide a number of empirical case studies illustrating these points. Our approach emphasizes the importance of focusing on species interactions as the major biodiversity component from which the ‘health’ of ecosystems depends. Summary The effects of the present biodiversity crisis have been largely focused on the loss of species. However, a missed component of biodiversity loss that often accompanies or even precedes species disappearance is the extinction of ecological interactions. Here, we propose a novel model that (i) relates the diversity of both species and interactions along a gradient of environmental deterioration and (ii) explores how the rate of loss of ecological functions, and consequently of ecosystem services, can be accelerated or restrained depending on how the rate of species loss covaries with the rate of interactions loss. We find that the loss of species and interactions are decoupled, such that ecological interactions are often lost at a higher rate. This implies that the loss of ecological interactions may occur well before species disappearance, affecting species functionality and ecosystems services at a faster rate than species extinctions. We provide a number of empirical case studies illustrating these points. Our approach emphasizes the importance of focusing on species interactions as the major biodiversity component from which the 'health' of ecosystems depends. The effects of the present biodiversity crisis have been largely focused on the loss of species. However, a missed component of biodiversity loss that often accompanies or even precedes species disappearance is the extinction of ecological interactions. Here, we propose a novel model that (i) relates the diversity of both species and interactions along a gradient of environmental deterioration and (ii) explores how the rate of loss of ecological functions, and consequently of ecosystem services, can be accelerated or restrained depending on how the rate of species loss covaries with the rate of interactions loss. We find that the loss of species and interactions are decoupled, such that ecological interactions are often lost at a higher rate. This implies that the loss of ecological interactions may occur well before species disappearance, affecting species functionality and ecosystems services at a faster rate than species extinctions. We provide a number of empirical case studies illustrating these points. Our approach emphasizes the importance of focusing on species interactions as the major biodiversity component from which the ‘health’ of ecosystems depends. The effects of the present biodiversity crisis have been largely focused on the loss of species. However, a missed component of biodiversity loss that often accompanies or even precedes species disappearance is the extinction of ecological interactions. Here, we propose a novel model that (i) relates the diversity of both species and interactions along a gradient of environmental deterioration and (ii) explores how the rate of loss of ecological functions, and consequently of ecosystem services, can be accelerated or restrained depending on how the rate of species loss covaries with the rate of interactions loss. We find that the loss of species and interactions are decoupled, such that ecological interactions are often lost at a higher rate. This implies that the loss of ecological interactions may occur well before species disappearance, affecting species functionality and ecosystems services at a faster rate than species extinctions. We provide a number of empirical case studies illustrating these points. Our approach emphasizes the importance of focusing on species interactions as the major biodiversity component from which the 'health' of ecosystems depends.Original Abstract: Lay Summary Summary The effects of the present biodiversity crisis have been largely focused on the loss of species. However, a missed component of biodiversity loss that often accompanies or even precedes species disappearance is the extinction of ecological interactions. Here, we propose a novel model that (i) relates the diversity of both species and interactions along a gradient of environmental deterioration and (ii) explores how the rate of loss of ecological functions, and consequently of ecosystem services, can be accelerated or restrained depending on how the rate of species loss covaries with the rate of interactions loss. We find that the loss of species and interactions are decoupled, such that ecological interactions are often lost at a higher rate. This implies that the loss of ecological interactions may occur well before species disappearance, affecting species functionality and ecosystems services at a faster rate than species extinctions. We provide a number of empirical case studies illustrating these points. Our approach emphasizes the importance of focusing on species interactions as the major biodiversity component from which the ‘health’ of ecosystems depends. Lay Summary
Author	Arroyo, Juan García, Daniel Gómez, José M. Galetti, Mauro García, María B. Alcántara, Julio M. Navarro, Luis Verdú, Miguel Jordano, Pedro Medel, Rodrigo Traveset, Anna Cocucci, Andrea Rey, Pedro J. Zamora, Regino Oviedo, Ramona Obeso, José R. Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso Aizen, Marcelo A. Ramírez, Nelson
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Alfonso surname: Valiente-Banuet fullname: Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso – sequence: 2 givenname: Marcelo A. surname: Aizen fullname: Aizen, Marcelo A. – sequence: 3 givenname: Julio M. surname: Alcántara fullname: Alcántara, Julio M. – sequence: 4 givenname: Juan surname: Arroyo fullname: Arroyo, Juan – sequence: 5 givenname: Andrea surname: Cocucci fullname: Cocucci, Andrea – sequence: 6 givenname: Mauro surname: Galetti fullname: Galetti, Mauro – sequence: 7 givenname: María B. surname: García fullname: García, María B. – sequence: 8 givenname: Daniel surname: García fullname: García, Daniel – sequence: 9 givenname: José M. surname: Gómez fullname: Gómez, José M. – sequence: 10 givenname: Pedro surname: Jordano fullname: Jordano, Pedro – sequence: 11 givenname: Rodrigo surname: Medel fullname: Medel, Rodrigo – sequence: 12 givenname: Luis surname: Navarro fullname: Navarro, Luis – sequence: 13 givenname: José R. surname: Obeso fullname: Obeso, José R. – sequence: 14 givenname: Ramona surname: Oviedo fullname: Oviedo, Ramona – sequence: 15 givenname: Nelson surname: Ramírez fullname: Ramírez, Nelson – sequence: 16 givenname: Pedro J. surname: Rey fullname: Rey, Pedro J. – sequence: 17 givenname: Anna surname: Traveset fullname: Traveset, Anna – sequence: 18 givenname: Miguel surname: Verdú fullname: Verdú, Miguel – sequence: 19 givenname: Regino surname: Zamora fullname: Zamora, Regino
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Snippet	Summary The effects of the present biodiversity crisis have been largely focused on the loss of species. However, a missed component of biodiversity loss that... The effects of the present biodiversity crisis have been largely focused on the loss of species. However, a missed component of biodiversity loss that often... Summary The effects of the present biodiversity crisis have been largely focused on the loss of species. However, a missed component of biodiversity loss that...
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SubjectTerms	Biodiversity Biodiversity loss biotic interactions case studies co‐evolution diversity Ecological effects Ecological function Ecosystem services Ecosystems Endangered & extinct species Environmental changes environmental degradation Extinction extinction debt of ecological interactions global change drivers Herbivores PERSPECTIVES Species diversity Species extinction
Subtitle	the extinction of ecological interactions in a changing world
Title	Beyond species loss
URI	https://www.jstor.org/stable/48577158 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2F1365-2435.12356 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1664074216 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2375042226 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1668260046 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1705450252
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