A Systematic Review of Strategies to Prevent Cisplatin‐Induced Nephrotoxicity

• Published in: The oncologist (Dayton, Ohio) Vol. 22; no. 5; pp. 609 - 619
• Main Authors: Crona, Daniel J., Faso, Aimee, Nishijima, Tomohiro F., McGraw, Kathleen A., Galsky, Matthew D., Milowsky, Matthew I.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England AlphaMed Press 01.05.2017
• Subjects: Antineoplastic Agents - adverse effects; Antineoplastic Agents - therapeutic use; Cisplatin; Cisplatin - adverse effects; Cisplatin - therapeutic use; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions - pathology; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Hydration; Kidney - drug effects; Magnesium; Male; Mannitol; Neoplasms - complications; Neoplasms - drug therapy; Neoplasms - pathology; Nephrotoxicity; Symptom Management and Supportive Care; Magnesium; Hydration; Nephrotoxicity; Cisplatin; Mannitol
• DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0319
• ISSN: 1083-7159; 1549-490X

Introduction Cisplatin, a platinum‐based antineoplastic agent, is the cornerstone for the treatment of many malignancies. Nephrotoxicity is the primary dose‐limiting toxicity, and various hydration regimens and supplementation strategies are used to prevent cisplatin‐induced kidney injury. However, evidence‐based recommendations on specific hydration regimens are limited. A systematic review was performed to evaluate clinical studies that have examined hydration and supplementation strategies to prevent cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods PubMed and Excerpta Medica databases were searched from 1966 through October 2015 for clinical trials and other studies focused on hydration regimens to prevent nephrotoxicity in cancer patients treated with cisplatin. The University of Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine criteria were used to grade level of evidence. Results Among the 1,407 identified studies, 24 were included in this systematic review. All studies differed on type, volume, and duration of hydration. Among the 24 studies, 5 evaluated short‐duration hydration, 4 evaluated low‐volume hydration, 4 investigated magnesium supplementation, and 7 reviewed forced diuresis with hydration. Short‐duration and lower‐volume hydration regimens are effective in preventing cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity. Magnesium supplementation may have a role as a nephroprotectant, and forced diuresis may be appropriate in some patients receiving cisplatin. Conclusion Hydration is essential for all patients to prevent cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity. Specifically, short‐duration, low‐volume, outpatient hydration with magnesium supplementation and mannitol forced diuresis (in select patients) represent best practice principles for the safe use of cisplatin. Implications for Practice The findings contained within this systematic review show that (a) hydration is essential for all patients to prevent cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity, (b) short‐duration, low‐volume, outpatient hydration regimens appear to be safe and feasible, even in patients receiving intermediate‐ to high‐dose cisplatin, (c) magnesium supplementation (8–16 milliequivalents) may limit cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity, and (d) mannitol may be considered for high‐dose cisplatin and/or patients with preexisting hypertension. These findings have broad implications for clinical practice and represent best practice principles for the prevention of cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity. Various hydration regimens and supplementation strategies are used to prevent cisplatin‐induced kidney injury; however, evidence‐based recommendations on specific hydration regimens are limited. This systematic review of the literature evaluates clinical studies that have examined hydration and supplementation strategies to prevent cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity.