Prior to versus after Metformin Treatment—Effects on Steroid Enzymatic Activities

• Published in: Life (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 13; no. 5; p. 1094
• Main Authors: Gasser, Benedikt, Escher, Genevieve, Calin, Anca-Elena, Deppeler, Michael, Marchon, Miriam, Mistry, Hiten D., Kurz, Johann, Mohaupt, Markus G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 27.04.2023; MDPI
• Subjects: 11-hydroxylase; 11b-HSD deficiency; 17-hydroxylase; 21-hydroxylase; Androgens; Autism; Cholesterol; Complications and side effects; Cortisol; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Disease; Endocrine gland diseases; Enzymatic activity; Enzymes; Females; Gas chromatography; GC-MS; Glucocorticoids; Health aspects; Hormones; Kinases; Males; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Mental disorders; Mental health; Metabolites; Metformin; Normal distribution; Organization theory; Oxidative stress; Physiological aspects; Ratios; Reduction; Regulation; Risk factors; Steroid hormones; Steroids; Sums; Urine; urine analysis; Switzerland; United States > US; GC-MS; urine analysis; 17-hydroxylase; 11-hydroxylase; 11b-HSD deficiency; 3ß-HSD deficency; 21-hydroxylase
• ISSN: 2075-1729; 2075-1729
• DOI: 10.3390/life13051094

Background: We recently reported that metformin administration has substantial effects on steroid hormone concentrations. In this study, we specifically explored which enzymatic activities were affected before a first treatment versus after a time of metformin treatment. Material and Methods: Twelve male subjects (54.2 ± 9.1 years, 177.3 ± 4.1 cm, 80 ± 10.4 kg) and seven female subjects (57.2 ± 18.9 years, 162.7 ± 4.1 cm, 76.1 ± 10.4 kg) were recruited based on an indication of metformin. Prior to the first intake of metformin and after 24 h, urine collections were performed. Urine steroid analysis was completed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The average reduction in steroid hormone concentrations after the metformin treatment was substantial and relatively equally distributed in all metabolites and the sum of all metabolites with 35.4%. An exception was dehydroepiandrosterone, with a decrease of almost three hundred percent of average concentration. In addition, the sum of all cortisol metabolites and 18-OH cortisol (indicative of oxidative stress) were lower after the metformin treatment. Furthermore, significant inhibition of 3ß-HSD activity was detectable. Discussion: Effects prior to and after the metformin treatment on inhibiting 3ß-HSD activity were detected in line with findings from others. Furthermore, the pattern of a reduction, for example, in the sum of all glucocorticoids following the metformin treatment supported an effect on oxidative stress, which was further supported by the reduction in 18-OH cortisol. Nevertheless, we do not understand all steps in the complex pattern of the enzymes that affect steroid hormone metabolism and, consequently, further studies are necessary to improve our understanding.