Impact of nutritional status at the onset of elementary school on academic aptitude test achievement at the end of high school in a multicausal approach

• Published in: British journal of nutrition Vol. 102; no. 1; pp. 142 - 154
• Main Authors: Ivanovic, Daniza M., Rodríguez, María del Pilar N., Pérez, Hernán T., Alvear, Jorge A., Almagià, Atilio F., Toro, Triana D., Urrutia, María Soledad C., Cruz, Arturo L., Ivanovic, Rodolfo M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 14.07.2009
• Subjects: academic achievement; Achievement; Age; anthropometric measurements; Aptitude Tests; Biological and medical sciences; Brain research; Child; Child Development; Child nutrition; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Chile; Economics; Education; Educational Measurement - methods; Educational Status; Elementary schools; elementary students; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; high school students; Human and Clinical Nutrition; Humans; Independent variables; Intelligence; Intelligence tests; Learning; Male; Metropolitan areas; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Prospective Studies; Risk factors; Secondary schools; Social Class; socioeconomic status; Socioeconomics; Students; Time; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Chile; Child nutrition; Intelligence; Education; Human; Academic achievement; Nutrition; Aptitude test; Feeding; Vertebrata; School; Mammalia; Child; Nutritional status
• DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508184665
• ISSN: 0007-1145

Like in many other countries, few investigations have been carried out in Chile to measure the long-term effects of nutritional status at an early age on scholastic achievement in a multicausal approach. The objectives of the present study were to describe the impact of nutritional, intellectual, family, educational and socio-economic variables at the onset of elementary school in 1987 that may affect achievement on the academic aptitude test (AAT) taken in 1998 at the end of high school, and to quantify the impact of these independent variables on the AAT. The present study comprises two cross-sectional stages: in 1987, a representative sample of 813 elementary school first-grader Chilean children from the Metropolitan Region was randomly chosen; in 1998, 12 years later, 632 school-age children were located and only 351 of them graduated from high school and, from these, 260 students took the AAT. In 1987 nutritional status was assessed through anthropometric parameters, intellectual ability by the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test, scholastic achievement through Spanish language and mathematics tests, and socio-economic status using Graffar's modified scale; family variables were also recorded. Maternal schooling, scholastic achievement, intellectual ability and head circumference-for-age z-score (anthropometric indicator of both nutritional background and brain development) all in 1987 were the independent variables with the greatest explanatory power for AAT variance in 1998 (r2 0·402). These results provide a foundation to identify the risk factors at an early age that affect AAT scores and should be useful to improve nutritional and educational policies.