Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?

Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe...

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Published in	Viruses Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 14
Main Authors	Desforges, Marc, Le Coupanec, Alain, Dubeau, Philippe, Bourgouin, Andréanne, Lajoie, Louise, Dubé, Mathieu, Talbot, Pierre J.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Switzerland MDPI AG 20.12.2019 MDPI
Subjects	animal viruses Animals Asthma at-risk population Autoimmunity Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Viral Diseases Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Coronavirus Coronavirus Infections Coronaviruses Disease disease severity elderly Encephalitis Encephalitis, Viral Encephalopathy Etiology Herpes viruses HIV Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Immune response Infections Influenza Influenza A Invasiveness Life Sciences Meningitis mortality Neonates Nervous system Nervous System Diseases Neurological diseases Neurological disorders neuropathology Opportunist infection pandemic Pandemics Pathogens pneumonia Respiratory diseases respiratory system Respiratory tract diseases Respiratory Tract Infections Review secondary infection Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Viral infections Virus Replication Viruses West Nile virus United States > US acute and chronic neurological diseases human coronavirus encephalitis respiratory viral infection neuroinvasion CNS infection encephalopathy human respiratory virus
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Abstract	Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics, and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. For a few decades now, data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities, since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Like other well-recognized neuroinvasive human viruses, respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) and/or viral replication, which directly causes damage to CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified. Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection, with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses.
AbstractList	Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics, and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. For a few decades now, data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities, since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Like other well-recognized neuroinvasive human viruses, respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) and/or viral replication, which directly causes damage to CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified. Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection, with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses. Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics, and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. For a few decades now, data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities, since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Like other well-recognized neuroinvasive human viruses, respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) and/or viral replication, which directly causes damage to CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified. Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection, with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses.Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the elderly and immune-compromised individuals, these opportunistic pathogens can also affect the lower respiratory tract, causing a more severe disease (e.g., pneumonia). Respiratory viruses can also exacerbate asthma and lead to various types of respiratory distress syndromes. Furthermore, as they can adapt fast and cross the species barrier, some of these pathogens, like influenza A and SARS-CoV, have occasionally caused epidemics or pandemics, and were associated with more serious clinical diseases and even mortality. For a few decades now, data reported in the scientific literature has also demonstrated that several respiratory viruses have neuroinvasive capacities, since they can spread from the respiratory tract to the central nervous system (CNS). Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Like other well-recognized neuroinvasive human viruses, respiratory viruses may damage the CNS as a result of misdirected host immune responses that could be associated with autoimmunity in susceptible individuals (virus-induced neuro-immunopathology) and/or viral replication, which directly causes damage to CNS cells (virus-induced neuropathology). The etiological agent of several neurological disorders remains unidentified. Opportunistic human respiratory pathogens could be associated with the triggering or the exacerbation of these disorders whose etiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we present a global portrait of some of the most prevalent or emerging human respiratory viruses that have been associated with possible pathogenic processes in CNS infection, with a special emphasis on human coronaviruses.
Author	Le Coupanec, Alain Lajoie, Louise Dubé, Mathieu Bourgouin, Andréanne Desforges, Marc Talbot, Pierre J. Dubeau, Philippe
AuthorAffiliation	2 Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; louise.lajoie@gmail.com 3 Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada 1 Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; alainl2258@hotmail.fr (A.L.C.); ppedubeau@gmail.com (P.D.); Andreanne.Bourgouin@uqtr.ca (A.B.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 3 Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada – name: 2 Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; louise.lajoie@gmail.com – name: 1 Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; alainl2258@hotmail.fr (A.L.C.); ppedubeau@gmail.com (P.D.); Andreanne.Bourgouin@uqtr.ca (A.B.)
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Marc surname: Desforges fullname: Desforges, Marc – sequence: 2 givenname: Alain surname: Le Coupanec fullname: Le Coupanec, Alain – sequence: 3 givenname: Philippe orcidid: 0000-0003-2622-5665 surname: Dubeau fullname: Dubeau, Philippe – sequence: 4 givenname: Andréanne surname: Bourgouin fullname: Bourgouin, Andréanne – sequence: 5 givenname: Louise surname: Lajoie fullname: Lajoie, Louise – sequence: 6 givenname: Mathieu surname: Dubé fullname: Dubé, Mathieu – sequence: 7 givenname: Pierre J. surname: Talbot fullname: Talbot, Pierre J.
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31861926$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://hal.science/hal-03590249$$DView record in HAL
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Snippet	Respiratory viruses infect the human upper respiratory tract, mostly causing mild diseases. However, in vulnerable populations, such as newborns, infants, the...
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SubjectTerms	animal viruses Animals Asthma at-risk population Autoimmunity Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Viral Diseases Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Coronavirus Coronavirus Infections Coronaviruses Disease disease severity elderly Encephalitis Encephalitis, Viral Encephalopathy Etiology Herpes viruses HIV Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Immune response Infections Influenza Influenza A Invasiveness Life Sciences Meningitis mortality Neonates Nervous system Nervous System Diseases Neurological diseases Neurological disorders neuropathology Opportunist infection pandemic Pandemics Pathogens pneumonia Respiratory diseases respiratory system Respiratory tract diseases Respiratory Tract Infections Review secondary infection Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Viral infections Virus Replication Viruses West Nile virus
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Title	Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?
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