The Potential Role of Sensors, Wearables and Telehealth in the Remote Management of Diabetes-Related Foot Disease

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 20; no. 16; p. 4527
• Main Authors: Golledge, Jonathan, Fernando, Malindu, Lazzarini, Peter, Najafi, Bijan, G Armstrong, David
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 13.08.2020; MDPI
• Subjects: Ankle; Automation; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Blood pressure; Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus - diagnosis; Diabetes Mellitus - therapy; diabetic foot; Diabetic Foot - diagnosis; Diabetic Foot - therapy; Foot Diseases; Footwear; Glucose; Humans; Infrared imaging systems; Ischemia; Leg ulcers; Lipids; Patients; peripheral artery disease; Plantar pressure; prevention; Remote monitoring; Remote sensors; Review; Risk analysis; Risk factors; Sensors; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; telehealth; Telemedicine; Ulcers; Wearable Electronic Devices; remote patient monitoring; diabetic peripheral neuropathy; peripheral artery disease; sensors; diabetic foot; telehealth; remote-monitoring; prevention
• DOI: 10.3390/s20164527
• ISSN: 1424-8220

Diabetes-related foot disease (DFD), which includes foot ulcers, infection and gangrene, is a leading cause of the global disability burden. About half of people who develop DFD experience a recurrence within one year. Long-term medical management to reduce the risk of recurrence is therefore important to reduce the global DFD burden. This review describes research assessing the value of sensors, wearables and telehealth in preventing DFD. Sensors and wearables have been developed to monitor foot temperature, plantar pressures, glucose, blood pressure and lipids. The monitoring of these risk factors along with telehealth consultations has promise as a method for remotely managing people who are at risk of DFD. This approach can potentially avoid or reduce the need for face-to-face consultations. Home foot temperature monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring and telehealth consultations are the approaches for which the most highly developed and user-friendly technology has been developed. A number of clinical studies in people at risk of DFD have demonstrated benefits when using one of these remote monitoring methods. Further development and evidence are needed for some of the other approaches, such as home plantar pressure and footwear adherence monitoring. As yet, no composite remote management program incorporating remote monitoring and the management of all the key risk factors for DFD has been developed and implemented. Further research assessing the feasibility and value of combining these remote monitoring approaches as a holistic way of preventing DFD is needed.