Semiconductor Gas Sensors: Materials, Technology, Design, and Application

This paper presents an overview of semiconductor materials used in gas sensors, their technology, design, and application. Semiconductor materials include metal oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and 2D materials. Metal oxides are most often the first choice due to their ease of fabricat...

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Published in	Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 20; no. 22; p. 6694
Main Authors	Nikolic, Maria Vesna, Milovanovic, Vladimir, Vasiljevic, Zorka Z., Stamenkovic, Zoran
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Switzerland MDPI AG 23.11.2020 MDPI
Subjects	Air pollution Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Communication Data analysis Electric properties Energy consumption Fossil fuels gas sensing materials gas sensor applications Greenhouse gases Hydrogen Internet access Internet of Things Multivariate analysis Nitrogen dioxide Nuclear power plants Organic chemicals Pattern recognition Principal components analysis Review semiconductor gas sensors sensing technology Sensors Sulfur VOCs Volatile organic compounds Zinc oxides semiconductor gas sensors gas sensor applications gas sensing materials sensing technology
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Abstract	This paper presents an overview of semiconductor materials used in gas sensors, their technology, design, and application. Semiconductor materials include metal oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and 2D materials. Metal oxides are most often the first choice due to their ease of fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity, and stability. Some of their disadvantages are low selectivity and high operating temperature. Conducting polymers have the advantage of a low operating temperature and can detect many organic vapors. They are flexible but affected by humidity. Carbon nanotubes are chemically and mechanically stable and are sensitive towards NO and NH3, but need dopants or modifications to sense other gases. Graphene, transition metal chalcogenides, boron nitride, transition metal carbides/nitrides, metal organic frameworks, and metal oxide nanosheets as 2D materials represent gas-sensing materials of the future, especially in medical devices, such as breath sensing. This overview covers the most used semiconducting materials in gas sensing, their synthesis methods and morphology, especially oxide nanostructures, heterostructures, and 2D materials, as well as sensor technology and design, application in advance electronic circuits and systems, and research challenges from the perspective of emerging technologies.
AbstractList	This paper presents an overview of semiconductor materials used in gas sensors, their technology, design, and application. Semiconductor materials include metal oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and 2D materials. Metal oxides are most often the first choice due to their ease of fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity, and stability. Some of their disadvantages are low selectivity and high operating temperature. Conducting polymers have the advantage of a low operating temperature and can detect many organic vapors. They are flexible but affected by humidity. Carbon nanotubes are chemically and mechanically stable and are sensitive towards NO and NH3, but need dopants or modifications to sense other gases. Graphene, transition metal chalcogenides, boron nitride, transition metal carbides/nitrides, metal organic frameworks, and metal oxide nanosheets as 2D materials represent gas-sensing materials of the future, especially in medical devices, such as breath sensing. This overview covers the most used semiconducting materials in gas sensing, their synthesis methods and morphology, especially oxide nanostructures, heterostructures, and 2D materials, as well as sensor technology and design, application in advance electronic circuits and systems, and research challenges from the perspective of emerging technologies. This paper presents an overview of semiconductor materials used in gas sensors, their technology, design, and application. Semiconductor materials include metal oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and 2D materials. Metal oxides are most often the first choice due to their ease of fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity, and stability. Some of their disadvantages are low selectivity and high operating temperature. Conducting polymers have the advantage of a low operating temperature and can detect many organic vapors. They are flexible but affected by humidity. Carbon nanotubes are chemically and mechanically stable and are sensitive towards NO and NH3, but need dopants or modifications to sense other gases. Graphene, transition metal chalcogenides, boron nitride, transition metal carbides/nitrides, metal organic frameworks, and metal oxide nanosheets as 2D materials represent gas-sensing materials of the future, especially in medical devices, such as breath sensing. This overview covers the most used semiconducting materials in gas sensing, their synthesis methods and morphology, especially oxide nanostructures, heterostructures, and 2D materials, as well as sensor technology and design, application in advance electronic circuits and systems, and research challenges from the perspective of emerging technologies.This paper presents an overview of semiconductor materials used in gas sensors, their technology, design, and application. Semiconductor materials include metal oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and 2D materials. Metal oxides are most often the first choice due to their ease of fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity, and stability. Some of their disadvantages are low selectivity and high operating temperature. Conducting polymers have the advantage of a low operating temperature and can detect many organic vapors. They are flexible but affected by humidity. Carbon nanotubes are chemically and mechanically stable and are sensitive towards NO and NH3, but need dopants or modifications to sense other gases. Graphene, transition metal chalcogenides, boron nitride, transition metal carbides/nitrides, metal organic frameworks, and metal oxide nanosheets as 2D materials represent gas-sensing materials of the future, especially in medical devices, such as breath sensing. This overview covers the most used semiconducting materials in gas sensing, their synthesis methods and morphology, especially oxide nanostructures, heterostructures, and 2D materials, as well as sensor technology and design, application in advance electronic circuits and systems, and research challenges from the perspective of emerging technologies. This paper presents an overview of semiconductor materials used in gas sensors, their technology, design, and application. Semiconductor materials include metal oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and 2D materials. Metal oxides are most often the first choice due to their ease of fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity, and stability. Some of their disadvantages are low selectivity and high operating temperature. Conducting polymers have the advantage of a low operating temperature and can detect many organic vapors. They are flexible but affected by humidity. Carbon nanotubes are chemically and mechanically stable and are sensitive towards NO and NH 3 , but need dopants or modifications to sense other gases. Graphene, transition metal chalcogenides, boron nitride, transition metal carbides/nitrides, metal organic frameworks, and metal oxide nanosheets as 2D materials represent gas-sensing materials of the future, especially in medical devices, such as breath sensing. This overview covers the most used semiconducting materials in gas sensing, their synthesis methods and morphology, especially oxide nanostructures, heterostructures, and 2D materials, as well as sensor technology and design, application in advance electronic circuits and systems, and research challenges from the perspective of emerging technologies. This paper presents an overview of semiconductor materials used in gas sensors, their technology, design, and application. Semiconductor materials include metal oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and 2D materials. Metal oxides are most often the first choice due to their ease of fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity, and stability. Some of their disadvantages are low selectivity and high operating temperature. Conducting polymers have the advantage of a low operating temperature and can detect many organic vapors. They are flexible but affected by humidity. Carbon nanotubes are chemically and mechanically stable and are sensitive towards NO and NH , but need dopants or modifications to sense other gases. Graphene, transition metal chalcogenides, boron nitride, transition metal carbides/nitrides, metal organic frameworks, and metal oxide nanosheets as 2D materials represent gas-sensing materials of the future, especially in medical devices, such as breath sensing. This overview covers the most used semiconducting materials in gas sensing, their synthesis methods and morphology, especially oxide nanostructures, heterostructures, and 2D materials, as well as sensor technology and design, application in advance electronic circuits and systems, and research challenges from the perspective of emerging technologies.
Author	Milovanovic, Vladimir Stamenkovic, Zoran Vasiljevic, Zorka Z. Nikolic, Maria Vesna
AuthorAffiliation	1 Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; mariavesna@imsi.rs (M.V.N.); zorkav@imsi.rs (Z.Z.V.) 3 IHP—Leibniz-Institut Für Innovative Mikroelektronik, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany 2 Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; vlada@kg.ac.rs
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; mariavesna@imsi.rs (M.V.N.); zorkav@imsi.rs (Z.Z.V.) – name: 3 IHP—Leibniz-Institut Für Innovative Mikroelektronik, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany – name: 2 Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; vlada@kg.ac.rs
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Maria Vesna orcidid: 0000-0001-5035-0170 surname: Nikolic fullname: Nikolic, Maria Vesna – sequence: 2 givenname: Vladimir surname: Milovanovic fullname: Milovanovic, Vladimir – sequence: 3 givenname: Zorka Z. orcidid: 0000-0002-7817-8648 surname: Vasiljevic fullname: Vasiljevic, Zorka Z. – sequence: 4 givenname: Zoran orcidid: 0000-0002-6078-413X surname: Stamenkovic fullname: Stamenkovic, Zoran
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33238459$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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SubjectTerms	Air pollution Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Communication Data analysis Electric properties Energy consumption Fossil fuels gas sensing materials gas sensor applications Greenhouse gases Hydrogen Internet access Internet of Things Multivariate analysis Nitrogen dioxide Nuclear power plants Organic chemicals Pattern recognition Principal components analysis Review semiconductor gas sensors sensing technology Sensors Sulfur VOCs Volatile organic compounds Zinc oxides
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Title	Semiconductor Gas Sensors: Materials, Technology, Design, and Application
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