A review of mercury exposure among artisanal small-scale gold miners in developing countries
Purpose Extraction of gold using mercury has been a way out of poverty for millions of people in developing countries. Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has expanded during the last decades and is often carried out under primitive conditions. Thus, workers in this industry may be exposed to h...
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| Published in | International archives of occupational and environmental health Vol. 87; no. 6; pp. 579 - 590 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Berlin/Heidelberg
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
01.08.2014
Springer Springer Nature B.V |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Purpose
Extraction of gold using mercury has been a way out of poverty for millions of people in developing countries. Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has expanded during the last decades and is often carried out under primitive conditions. Thus, workers in this industry may be exposed to high levels of mercury and suffer from toxic effects from mercury exposure. The objective of this review was to provide an outline of the studies available on elemental mercury exposure among artisanal small-scale gold miners.
Methods
Searching the PubMed and Embase databases, 26 studies with a total of 3,005 exposed subjects and 442 controls across 14 different developing countries were found. Urine mercury levels were used as biomarkers of exposure.
Results
In general, the urine mercury levels were elevated and a considerable proportion of workers had urine mercury levels above existing guidelines. Exposed subjects were stratified into residents, miners, millers, smelters, and refiners, who by work task content were expected to be increasingly exposed to mercury. This group order did show a clear trend of increasing mercury levels. Mercury levels differed substantially between studies. Possible explanations include dissimilarities in gold extraction methods, use of protective devices, and selection of participants.
Conclusions
This review provides evidence that artisanal gold miners and residents of the mining sites are exposed to mercury vapour to an extent where acute and long-term toxic effects of mercury are likely. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure and emission of mercury from ASGM are needed. |
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| AbstractList | Purpose: Extraction of gold using mercury has been a way out of poverty for millions of people in developing countries. Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has expanded during the last decades and is often carried out under primitive conditions. Thus, workers in this industry may be exposed to high levels of mercury and suffer from toxic effects from mercury exposure. The objective of this review was to provide an outline of the studies available on elemental mercury exposure among artisanal small-scale gold miners. Methods: Searching the PubMed and Embase databases, 26 studies with a total of 3,005 exposed subjects and 442 controls across 14 different developing countries were found. Urine mercury levels were used as biomarkers of exposure. Results: In general, the urine mercury levels were elevated and a considerable proportion of workers had urine mercury levels above existing guidelines. Exposed subjects were stratified into residents, miners, millers, smelters, and refiners, who by work task content were expected to be increasingly exposed to mercury. This group order did show a clear trend of increasing mercury levels. Mercury levels differed substantially between studies. Possible explanations include dissimilarities in gold extraction methods, use of protective devices, and selection of participants. Conclusions: This review provides evidence that artisanal gold miners and residents of the mining sites are exposed to mercury vapour to an extent where acute and long-term toxic effects of mercury are likely. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure and emission of mercury from ASGM are needed. Purpose Extraction of gold using mercury has been a way out of poverty for millions of people in developing countries. Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has expanded during the last decades and is often carried out under primitive conditions. Thus, workers in this industry may be exposed to high levels of mercury and suffer from toxic effects from mercury exposure. The objective of this review was to provide an outline of the studies available on elemental mercury exposure among artisanal small-scale gold miners. Methods Searching the PubMed and Embase databases, 26 studies with a total of 3,005 exposed subjects and 442 controls across 14 different developing countries were found. Urine mercury levels were used as biomarkers of exposure. Results In general, the urine mercury levels were elevated and a considerable proportion of workers had urine mercury levels above existing guidelines. Exposed subjects were stratified into residents, miners, millers, smelters, and refiners, who by work task content were expected to be increasingly exposed to mercury. This group order did show a clear trend of increasing mercury levels. Mercury levels differed substantially between studies. Possible explanations include dissimilarities in gold extraction methods, use of protective devices, and selection of participants. Conclusions This review provides evidence that artisanal gold miners and residents of the mining sites are exposed to mercury vapour to an extent where acute and long-term toxic effects of mercury are likely. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure and emission of mercury from ASGM are needed. Extraction of gold using mercury has been a way out of poverty for millions of people in developing countries. Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has expanded during the last decades and is often carried out under primitive conditions. Thus, workers in this industry may be exposed to high levels of mercury and suffer from toxic effects from mercury exposure. The objective of this review was to provide an outline of the studies available on elemental mercury exposure among artisanal small-scale gold miners. Searching the PubMed and Embase databases, 26 studies with a total of 3,005 exposed subjects and 442 controls across 14 different developing countries were found. Urine mercury levels were used as biomarkers of exposure. In general, the urine mercury levels were elevated and a considerable proportion of workers had urine mercury levels above existing guidelines. Exposed subjects were stratified into residents, miners, millers, smelters, and refiners, who by work task content were expected to be increasingly exposed to mercury. This group order did show a clear trend of increasing mercury levels. Mercury levels differed substantially between studies. Possible explanations include dissimilarities in gold extraction methods, use of protective devices, and selection of participants. This review provides evidence that artisanal gold miners and residents of the mining sites are exposed to mercury vapour to an extent where acute and long-term toxic effects of mercury are likely. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure and emission of mercury from ASGM are needed. Extraction of gold using mercury has been a way out of poverty for millions of people in developing countries. Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has expanded during the last decades and is often carried out under primitive conditions. Thus, workers in this industry may be exposed to high levels of mercury and suffer from toxic effects from mercury exposure. The objective of this review was to provide an outline of the studies available on elemental mercury exposure among artisanal small-scale gold miners.PURPOSEExtraction of gold using mercury has been a way out of poverty for millions of people in developing countries. Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has expanded during the last decades and is often carried out under primitive conditions. Thus, workers in this industry may be exposed to high levels of mercury and suffer from toxic effects from mercury exposure. The objective of this review was to provide an outline of the studies available on elemental mercury exposure among artisanal small-scale gold miners.Searching the PubMed and Embase databases, 26 studies with a total of 3,005 exposed subjects and 442 controls across 14 different developing countries were found. Urine mercury levels were used as biomarkers of exposure.METHODSSearching the PubMed and Embase databases, 26 studies with a total of 3,005 exposed subjects and 442 controls across 14 different developing countries were found. Urine mercury levels were used as biomarkers of exposure.In general, the urine mercury levels were elevated and a considerable proportion of workers had urine mercury levels above existing guidelines. Exposed subjects were stratified into residents, miners, millers, smelters, and refiners, who by work task content were expected to be increasingly exposed to mercury. This group order did show a clear trend of increasing mercury levels. Mercury levels differed substantially between studies. Possible explanations include dissimilarities in gold extraction methods, use of protective devices, and selection of participants.RESULTSIn general, the urine mercury levels were elevated and a considerable proportion of workers had urine mercury levels above existing guidelines. Exposed subjects were stratified into residents, miners, millers, smelters, and refiners, who by work task content were expected to be increasingly exposed to mercury. This group order did show a clear trend of increasing mercury levels. Mercury levels differed substantially between studies. Possible explanations include dissimilarities in gold extraction methods, use of protective devices, and selection of participants.This review provides evidence that artisanal gold miners and residents of the mining sites are exposed to mercury vapour to an extent where acute and long-term toxic effects of mercury are likely. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure and emission of mercury from ASGM are needed.CONCLUSIONSThis review provides evidence that artisanal gold miners and residents of the mining sites are exposed to mercury vapour to an extent where acute and long-term toxic effects of mercury are likely. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure and emission of mercury from ASGM are needed. Extraction of gold using mercury has been a way out of poverty for millions of people in developing countries. Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has expanded during the last decades and is often carried out under primitive conditions. Thus, workers in this industry may be exposed to high levels of mercury and suffer from toxic effects from mercury exposure. The objective of this review was to provide an outline of the studies available on elemental mercury exposure among artisanal small-scale gold miners. Searching the PubMed and Embase databases, 26 studies with a total of 3,005 exposed subjects and 442 controls across 14 different developing countries were found. Urine mercury levels were used as biomarkers of exposure. In general, the urine mercury levels were elevated and a considerable proportion of workers had urine mercury levels above existing guidelines. Exposed subjects were stratified into residents, miners, millers, smelters, and refiners, who by work task content were expected to be increasingly exposed to mercury. This group order did show a clear trend of increasing mercury levels. Mercury levels differed substantially between studies. Possible explanations include dissimilarities in gold extraction methods, use of protective devices, and selection of participants. This review provides evidence that artisanal gold miners and residents of the mining sites are exposed to mercury vapour to an extent where acute and long-term toxic effects of mercury are likely. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure and emission of mercury from ASGM are needed. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Author | Mikkelsen, Sigurd Thomsen, Jane Frølund Kristensen, Anders Kasper Bruun |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Anders Kasper Bruun surname: Kristensen fullname: Kristensen, Anders Kasper Bruun email: kasperkristensen4@gmail.com organization: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital – sequence: 2 givenname: Jane Frølund surname: Thomsen fullname: Thomsen, Jane Frølund organization: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital – sequence: 3 givenname: Sigurd surname: Mikkelsen fullname: Mikkelsen, Sigurd organization: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital |
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| References_xml | – reference: CustodioHMHarariRGerhardssonLSkerfvingSBrobergKGenetic influences on the retention of inorganic mercuryArch Environ Occup Health200560117231:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVyns7vJ10.3200/AEOH.60.1.17-23 – reference: DrakePLRojasMRehCMMuellerCAJenkinsFMOccupational exposure to airborne mercury during gold mining operations near El Callao, VenezuelaInt Arch Environ Occup Health20017432062121:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitl2ntrc%3D10.1007/s004200000206 – reference: AksSEEricksonTBranchesFJNalewayCChouHNLevyPHryhorczukDFractional mercury levels in Brazilian gold refiners and minersJ Clin Toxicol19953311101:CAS:528:DyaK2MXksVOktL8%3D10.3109/15563659509020208 – reference: van StraatenPHuman exposure to mercury due to small scale gold mining in northern TanzaniaSci Total Environ20002591–3455310.1016/S0048-9697(00)00548-9 – reference: IkinguraJRAkagiHMonitoring of fish and human exposure to mercury due to gold mining in the Lake Victoria goldfields, TanzaniaSci Total Environ19961911–259681:CAS:528:DyaK28Xlsl2luro%3D10.1016/0048-9697(96)05178-9 – reference: de JesusIMde Oliveira SantosECda SilvaBrabo ELoureiroECde MagalhaesCamara VMascarenhasAFda SilvaDFClearyDExposure to elemental mercury in urban workers and gold miners from the Tapajos Region, Para, BrazilBull Environ Contam Toxicol2001673317323 – reference: Telmer KH, Veiga MM (2009) World Emissions of Mercury from Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining. 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Extraction of gold using mercury has been a way out of poverty for millions of people in developing countries. Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM)... Extraction of gold using mercury has been a way out of poverty for millions of people in developing countries. Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has... Purpose: Extraction of gold using mercury has been a way out of poverty for millions of people in developing countries. Artisanal small-scale gold mining... |
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| SubjectTerms | Biological and medical sciences Biomarkers - urine Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases Developing Countries Earth and Environmental Science Environment Environmental Health Gold Gold mines & mining Humans LDCs Medical sciences Mercury Mercury - toxicity Mercury - urine Metals and various inorganic compounds Mining Occupational diseases Occupational exposure Occupational Exposure - adverse effects Occupational Exposure - analysis Occupational hazards Occupational medicine Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Occupations Poverty Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Rehabilitation Review Article Smelters Toxicology Urine |
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| Title | A review of mercury exposure among artisanal small-scale gold miners in developing countries |
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