Oxidation of Marine Omega-3 Supplements and Human Health

Marine omega-3 rich oils are used by more than a third of American adults for a wide range of purported benefits including prevention of cardiovascular disease. These oils are highly prone to oxidation to lipid peroxides and other secondary oxidation products. Oxidized oils may have altered biologic...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inBioMed research international Vol. 2013; no. 2013; pp. 1 - 8
Main Authors Cutfield, Wayne S., Hofman, Paul L., Cameron-Smith, David, Albert, Benjamin B.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Cairo, Egypt Hindawi Publishing Corporation 01.01.2013
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Subjects
Animals
Cardiovascular diseases
Chemical properties
Clinical Trials as Topic
Dietary Supplements
Fatty Acids, Omega-3 - metabolism
Fish Oils - metabolism
Health aspects
Humans
Omega-3 fatty acids
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidation-reduction reaction
Prevention
Review
New Zealand
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Marine omega-3 rich oils are used by more than a third of American adults for a wide range of purported benefits including prevention of cardiovascular disease. These oils are highly prone to oxidation to lipid peroxides and other secondary oxidation products. Oxidized oils may have altered biological activity making them ineffective or harmful, though there is also evidence that some beneficial effects of marine oils could be mediated through lipid peroxides. To date, human clinical trials have not reported the oxidative status of the trial oil. This makes it impossible to understand the importance of oxidation to efficacy or harm. However, animal studies show that oxidized lipid products can cause harm. Oxidation of trial oils may be responsible for the conflicting omega-3 trial literature, including the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The oxidative state of an oil can be simply determined by the peroxide value and anisidine value assays. We recommend that all clinical trials investigating omega-3 harms or benefits report the results of these assays; this will enable better understanding of the benefits and harms of omega-3 and the clinical importance of oxidized supplements.
AbstractList Marine omega-3 rich oils are used by more than a third of American adults for a wide range of purported benefits including prevention of cardiovascular disease. These oils are highly prone to oxidation to lipid peroxides and other secondary oxidation products. Oxidized oils may have altered biological activity making them ineffective or harmful, though there is also evidence that some beneficial effects of marine oils could be mediated through lipid peroxides. To date, human clinical trials have not reported the oxidative status of the trial oil. This makes it impossible to understand the importance of oxidation to efficacy or harm. However, animal studies show that oxidized lipid products can cause harm. Oxidation of trial oils may be responsible for the conflicting omega-3 trial literature, including the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The oxidative state of an oil can be simply determined by the peroxide value and anisidine value assays. We recommend that all clinical trials investigating omega-3 harms or benefits report the results of these assays; this will enable better understanding of the benefits and harms of omega-3 and the clinical importance of oxidized supplements.
Audience Academic
Author Hofman, Paul L.
Cameron-Smith, David
Albert, Benjamin B.
Cutfield, Wayne S.
AuthorAffiliation 2 Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
1 Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
– name: 2 Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  fullname: Cutfield, Wayne S.
– sequence: 2
  fullname: Hofman, Paul L.
– sequence: 3
  fullname: Cameron-Smith, David
– sequence: 4
  fullname: Albert, Benjamin B.
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23738326$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNqNkU1r3DAQhkVJaJJtTr0XQy4lwYk-bFm-BEJou4GUPaQ9i7E82lWxpY1lN-m_jxanS3rrXDSgh4eXeU_IgQ8eCfnI6CVjZXnFKRNXhSxqzt6RYy5YkUtWsIP9LsQROY3xF02jmKS1fE-OuKiEElweE7V6di2MLvgs2Ow7DM5jtupxDbnIHqbttsMe_Rgz8G22nHrw2RKhGzcfyKGFLuLp67sgP79--XG7zO9X3-5ub-5zUwox5rZBowpWozG1ohKZrGlTQlvWwraWgwFjmRKGywalkDWjLQXGjaWmgUpKsSDXs3c7NT22JoUZoNPbwfUw_NEBnP73x7uNXoffWsiyKsqd4POrYAiPE8ZR9y4a7DrwGKaoWQJrVfJKJfRsRtfQoXbehmQ0O1zfpIuJiqt00AW5mCkzhBgHtPswjOpdKXpXip5LSfSnt_n37N8KEnA-AxvnW3hy_2fDhKCFNzAtRAr3Ag9aneE
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0244688
crossref_primary_10_3389_fnut_2018_00042
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcou_2016_11_011
crossref_primary_10_1080_10498850_2019_1570992
crossref_primary_10_2903_j_efsa_2023_8072
crossref_primary_10_3390_antiox11071391
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11883_022_01075_x
crossref_primary_10_3390_su151310227
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_molmet_2018_02_005
crossref_primary_10_1194_jlr_P052217
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11883_019_0762_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jconrel_2023_06_035
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods12091896
crossref_primary_10_2217_fca_2015_0009
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_61864_z
crossref_primary_10_1080_19390211_2023_2252064
crossref_primary_10_5650_jos_ess16071
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_phanu_2015_04_003
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodcont_2017_03_014
crossref_primary_10_1080_87559129_2019_1686761
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodres_2019_108780
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu9111213
crossref_primary_10_3390_metabo14050265
crossref_primary_10_1080_10408398_2023_2212817
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms222111826
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jafc_1c07743
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_glohj_2020_01_004
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_talanta_2017_03_023
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11947_021_02757_1
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_animal_2020_100043
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodchem_2020_128273
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jafc_0c07248
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_quaint_2015_09_091
crossref_primary_10_3390_ani10101834
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12263_016_0530_6
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_plefa_2013_11_002
crossref_primary_10_1038_srep07928
crossref_primary_10_1080_19390211_2024_2336212
crossref_primary_10_1017_S0007114517001167
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms160922636
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu12103014
crossref_primary_10_1089_jmf_2018_4226
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods11213452
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbrc_2016_12_127
crossref_primary_10_1109_JSEN_2016_2542287
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nut_2018_10_004
crossref_primary_10_1134_S1061934820100093
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu8050256
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodcont_2020_107284
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nutres_2017_02_009
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jafc_9b08298
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_prostaglandins_2016_12_004
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12944_017_0415_8
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_plefa_2016_06_001
crossref_primary_10_1002_jsfa_8739
crossref_primary_10_1111_jfs_12547
crossref_primary_10_1089_act_2014_20409
crossref_primary_10_1002_ejlt_202000078
crossref_primary_10_1136_vr_105360
crossref_primary_10_11124_JBISRIR_2016_002965
crossref_primary_10_1017_jns_2015_21
crossref_primary_10_3390_foods10020333
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jnim_2016_03_003
crossref_primary_10_1017_S0007114519003246
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13668_023_00508_6
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcou_2020_101359
crossref_primary_10_1139_cjas_2020_0028
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jfca_2020_103471
crossref_primary_10_3390_ncrna9040043
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41380_023_02322_6
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0161701
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_beem_2022_101681
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_seppur_2021_119267
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lwt_2023_114609
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aquaculture_2015_01_010
crossref_primary_10_1139_cjas_2019_0094
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nut_2019_05_003
crossref_primary_10_3390_nu10101561
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41398_024_02932_w
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jafc_7b00099
crossref_primary_10_5194_aab_59_215_2016
crossref_primary_10_1080_25765299_2023_2249318
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_atherosclerosis_2015_11_015
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12902_023_01395_2
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envint_2022_107407
crossref_primary_10_1039_C5FO01332A
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_lwt_2018_11_044
crossref_primary_10_1080_10498850_2018_1561569
crossref_primary_10_3390_pr11103045
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procbio_2020_09_019
crossref_primary_10_1152_ajpregu_00005_2016
crossref_primary_10_1186_s12940_021_00809_9
crossref_primary_10_3390_md15090273
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodres_2017_06_029
crossref_primary_10_1515_jbcpp_2016_0138
Cites_doi 10.1006/abio.1994.1355
10.1007/s00423-006-0073-1
10.1007/BF02537090
10.1097/00004872-200208000-00010
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07422.x
10.1016/j.phrs.2008.05.002
10.1093/jn/135.11.2634
10.3945/ajcn.111.013193
10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00344-0
10.1021/ja0118340
10.1016/j.cell.2010.07.041
10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.3.251
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.012
10.3109/09637489609012586
10.1161/hc0902.104353
10.1038/ajh.2011.120
10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.948562
10.1016/j.clnu.2010.02.008
10.1161/01.ATV.0000137191.02577.86
10.1093/carcin/4.3.331
10.2337/diacare.17.1.37
10.1007/BF02523904
10.1161/01.CIR.0000014682.14181.F2
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.581355
10.1016/0003-2697(91)90513-S
10.1042/CS20040119
10.1161/01.ATV.14.12.1900
10.1017/S0007114511005484
10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602631
10.1161/01.CIR.88.2.523
10.1001/jama.1995.03530170043030
10.1093/ajcn/70.3.331
10.1093/ajcn/51.6.1028
10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60527-3
10.1179/1476830511Y.0000000012
10.1039/b922183m
10.1016/0140-6736(92)90926-T
10.1016/0021-9150(87)90081-5
10.1093/ajcn/43.5.752
10.1093/ajcn/57.5.779S
10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.12.016
10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12468-3
10.1007/s11745-007-3039-3
10.1056/NEJMoa1203859
10.1056/NEJM199704103361502
10.1136/bmj.312.7032.677
10.1080/10942910802652222
10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.024
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68052092.x
10.1016/S0005-2760(98)00089-7
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.556886
10.1093/jn/122.11.2190
10.1186/1743-7075-10-1
10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a126465
10.1023/A:1007757724505
10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00010-X
10.1056/NEJM198505093121901
10.1001/2012.jama.11374
10.1007/BF02537352
10.1093/jn/121.2.165
10.3109/07853890.2010.510932
10.1093/aje/kwk053
10.3109/10715762.2010.544730
10.1073/pnas.76.1.333
10.1093/ndt/gfn180
10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00327-2
10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.04.017
10.1161/01.CIR.102.1.42
10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.003
10.1056/NEJMoa012918
10.3945/jn.109.108316
10.3945/ajcn.111.013334
10.1007/BF02529870
10.1016/S0008-6363(03)00395-X
10.3945/an.111.000505
10.1161/01.ATV.17.2.279
10.1093/ajcn/84.1.5
10.1006/abio.1995.1353
10.3402/fnr.v55i0.5792
10.1007/s11745-004-1277-4
10.1096/fj.08-125674
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright © 2013 Benjamin B. Albert et al.
COPYRIGHT 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright © 2013 Benjamin B. Albert et al. 2013
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright © 2013 Benjamin B. Albert et al.
– notice: COPYRIGHT 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
– notice: Copyright © 2013 Benjamin B. Albert et al. 2013
DBID ADJCN
AHFXO
RHU
RHW
RHX
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.1155/2013/464921
DatabaseName الدوريات العلمية والإحصائية - e-Marefa Academic and Statistical Periodicals
معرفة - المحتوى العربي الأكاديمي المتكامل - e-Marefa Academic Complete
Hindawi Publishing Complete
Hindawi Publishing Subscription Journals
Hindawi Publishing
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList


MEDLINE
MEDLINE - Academic
CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: RHX
  name: Hindawi Publishing
  url: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/
  sourceTypes: Publisher
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
EISSN 2314-6141
Editor Calviello, Gabriella
Editor_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Gabriella
  surname: Calviello
  fullname: Calviello, Gabriella
EndPage 8
ExternalDocumentID A373372861
10_1155_2013_464921
23738326
1004361
Genre Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Journal Article
Review
GeographicLocations New Zealand
GeographicLocations_xml – name: New Zealand
GroupedDBID 04C
24P
3V.
4.4
53G
5VS
7X7
88E
8FE
8FG
8FH
8FI
8FJ
AAFWJ
AAJEY
AAWTL
ABDBF
ABUWG
ACIWK
ACPRK
ADBBV
ADJCN
ADOJX
ADRAZ
AENEX
AFKRA
AFRAH
AHFXO
AHMBA
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
ARAPS
BAWUL
BBNVY
BCNDV
BENPR
BGLVJ
BHPHI
BMSDO
BPHCQ
BVXVI
CCPQU
CWDGH
DIK
EAD
EAP
EAS
EBD
EBS
ECF
ECT
EIHBH
EJD
EMB
EMK
EMOBN
ESX
FYUFA
GROUPED_DOAJ
H13
HCIFZ
HMCUK
HYE
IAG
IAO
IEA
IHR
INH
INR
IOF
ISR
KQ8
LK8
M1P
M48
M7P
ML0
ML~
OK1
P62
PGMZT
PIMPY
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
RHX
RPM
SV3
TUS
UKHRP
ITC
RHU
RHW
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c533t-fbec8419ecc9806e1690b5ad593fdf2acacf183c26be636910d0a12cf0cba7663
IEDL.DBID RPM
ISSN 2314-6133
IngestDate Tue Sep 17 21:26:59 EDT 2024
Sat Oct 26 05:59:12 EDT 2024
Wed Oct 16 18:01:32 EDT 2024
Thu Sep 26 17:25:01 EDT 2024
Sat Nov 02 12:26:14 EDT 2024
Sun Jun 02 18:55:08 EDT 2024
Wed Nov 06 06:02:52 EST 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 2013
Language English
License This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c533t-fbec8419ecc9806e1690b5ad593fdf2acacf183c26be636910d0a12cf0cba7663
Notes ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-3
content type line 23
ObjectType-Review-1
Academic Editor: Gabriella Calviello
ORCID 0000-0003-0498-3473
0000-0002-8995-8711
0000-0002-0144-5816
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3657456/
PMID 23738326
PQID 1365985278
PQPubID 23479
PageCount 8
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_3657456
proquest_miscellaneous_1365985278
gale_infotracmisc_A373372861
crossref_primary_10_1155_2013_464921
pubmed_primary_23738326
hindawi_primary_10_1155_2013_464921
emarefa_primary_1004361
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2013-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2013-01-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 01
  year: 2013
  text: 2013-01-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace Cairo, Egypt
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Cairo, Egypt
– name: United States
PublicationTitle BioMed research international
PublicationTitleAlternate Biomed Res Int
PublicationYear 2013
Publisher Hindawi Publishing Corporation
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Publisher_xml – name: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
– name: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
References (14) 1991; 198
(80) 1994; 17
(58) 2011; 94
(62) 1971; 1
(41) 2004; 36
(54) 1983; 4
(86) 2002; 20
(65) 2011; 94
(2) 2004
(5) 2011; 14
(60) 2007; 165
Pak C. S. Stability and Quality of Fish Oil During Typical Domestic Application 2005 Reykjavik, Iceland United Nations University http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/pak05prf.pdf
(96) 2007; 42
(67) 1995; 274
(69) 1990; 51
(44) 2001; 86
(49) 1987; 63
(66) 2011; 24
(43) 1997; 68
(51) 1988; 23
(10) 2011; 45
(73) 1986; 43
(61) 1985; 312
European Pharmacopoeia Commission European Pharmacopoeia 5.0 Council of Europe, 2005, http://lib.njutcm.edu.cn/yaodian/ep/EP5.0/index.html
(28) 2006; 98
(63) 2002; 346
Health Canada Monograph: Fish Oil 2009, http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/monoReq.do?id=88&lang=eng
(17) 2009; 139
(37) 2010; 42
(11) 1993; 57
(6) 2011; 2
(29) 2003; 146
(32) 2002; 124
(68) 1996; 31
(72) 2006; 2
(71) 2008; 23
(91) 2006; 84
(23) 2011; 55
(26) 2007; 62
(16) 1995; 228
(45) 2002; 105
(39) 1992; 339
(77) 1996; 312
USA Council for Responsible Nutrition Voluntary Monograph: Omega-3 DHA, Omega-3 EPA, Omega-3 DHA & EPA 2006, http://www.crnusa.org/pdfs/O3FINALMONOGRAPHdoc.pdf
(83) 2002; 105
(8) 2010; 39
(53) 1992; 122
(74) 2006; 7
(84) 1989; 2
(35) 2011; 119
(52) 1994; 29
(9) 1996; 47
(81) 2003; 59
(90) 2007; 369
(93) 2005; 118
(87) 1993; 88
(3) 2004; 107
Barnes P. M. Bloom B. Nahin R. L. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Adults and Children: United States, 2007 2008 US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics
(85) 1997; 11
(89) 2012; 367
(38) 2004; 39
(33) 1991; 121
(97) 2009; 23
(79) 1997; 17
(27) 1996; 73
(31) 2008; 57
(55) 1999; 424
(76) 2005; 112
(59) 2006; 113
(42) 2006; 391
(40) 1998; 1393
(34) 2004; 24
(36) 1994; 14
(56) 1996; 5
(30) 2010; 142
(4) 2013; 75
(25) 2007; 469
(7) 1954; 41
(70) 2010; 29
(64) 1997; 336
(47) 2000; 28
(88) 2006; 189
(75) 2007; 61
(57) 2012; 108
(78) 1999; 70
(92) 2012; 308
(82) 2003; 361
(94) 2013; 10
(19) 2010; 8
(46) 2000; 102
Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3 GOED Voluntary Monograph (v.4) 2012, http://www.goedomega3.com/images/stories/files/goedmonograph.pdf
(48) 1979; 76
(50) 2010; 122
(24) 2010; 13
(95) 2005; 135
(13) 2007; 100
(15) 1994; 220
88
45
89
47
90
92
93
50
94
96
97
10
55
13
57
14
58
15
59
16
17
3
5
6
(1) 2008
8
60
63
64
65
66
23
24
68
28
29
70
71
72
30
74
31
75
32
76
34
35
37
38
(12) 2005
81
82
83
40
85
42
86
References_xml – volume: 29
  start-page: 47
  issue: 1
  year: 1994
  end-page: 52
  ident: 52
  article-title: Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status is affected by different vitamin E levels when feeding fish oil
  publication-title:
– volume: 23
  start-page: 1946
  issue: 6
  year: 2009
  end-page: 1957
  ident: 97
  article-title: Obesity-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis are alleviated by -3 fatty acids: a role for resolvins and protectins
  publication-title:
– volume: 2
  start-page: 757
  issue: 8666
  year: 1989
  end-page: 761
  ident: 84
  article-title: Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART)
  publication-title:
– volume: 112
  start-page: 1945
  issue: 13
  year: 2005
  end-page: 1952
  ident: 76
  article-title: Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  publication-title:
– volume: 339
  start-page: 883
  issue: 8798
  year: 1992
  end-page: 887
  ident: 39
  article-title: Autoantibody against oxidised LDL and progression of carotid atherosclerosis
  publication-title:
– volume: 118
  start-page: 239
  issue: 3
  year: 2005
  end-page: 245
  ident: 93
  article-title: Association between fish consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japan: NIPPON DATA80, 1980–99
  publication-title:
– volume: 220
  start-page: 391
  issue: 2
  year: 1994
  end-page: 396
  ident: 15
  article-title: Assay of malondialdehyde in biological fluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  publication-title:
– volume: 61
  start-page: 1201
  issue: 10
  year: 2007
  end-page: 1206
  ident: 75
  article-title: Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in dyslipidaemic patients
  publication-title:
– volume: 4
  start-page: 331
  issue: 3
  year: 1983
  end-page: 333
  ident: 54
  article-title: Unequivocal demonstration that malondialdehyde is a mutagen
  publication-title:
– volume: 23
  start-page: 370
  issue: 4
  year: 1988
  end-page: 371
  ident: 51
  article-title: Malondialdehyde excretion by subjects consuming cod liver oil vs a concentrate of n-3 fatty acids
  publication-title:
– volume: 75
  start-page: 645
  year: 2013
  end-page: 662
  ident: 4
  article-title: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology?
  publication-title:
– volume: 7
  start-page: 33
  issue: 2
  year: 2006
  end-page: 35
  ident: 74
  article-title: Trans, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vascular function—a yin yang situation?
  publication-title:
– volume: 100
  start-page: 800
  issue: 2
  year: 2007
  end-page: 807
  ident: 13
  article-title: The effect of -tocopherol on the oxidation of mackerel oil
  publication-title:
– volume: 14
  start-page: 216
  issue: 5
  year: 2011
  end-page: 225
  ident: 5
  article-title: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognition throughout the lifespan: a review
  publication-title:
– volume: 361
  start-page: 477
  issue: 9356
  year: 2003
  end-page: 485
  ident: 82
  article-title: Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial
  publication-title:
– volume: 88
  start-page: 523
  issue: 2
  year: 1993
  end-page: 533
  ident: 87
  article-title: Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials
  publication-title:
– volume: 39
  start-page: 639
  issue: 7
  year: 2004
  end-page: 647
  ident: 38
  article-title: Diet and lipoprotein oxidation: analysis of oxidized triacylglycerols in pig lipoproteins
  publication-title:
– volume: 336
  start-page: 1046
  issue: 15
  year: 1997
  end-page: 1053
  ident: 64
  article-title: Fish consumption and the 30-year risk of fatal myocardial infarction
  publication-title:
– volume: 94
  start-page: 527
  issue: 2
  year: 2011
  end-page: 533
  ident: 65
  article-title: Plasma omega-3 fatty acids and incident diabetes in older adults
  publication-title:
– volume: 5
  start-page: 705
  issue: 9
  year: 1996
  end-page: 710
  ident: 56
  article-title: Lipid peroxidation-induced putative malondialdehyde-DNA adducts in human breast tissues
  publication-title:
– volume: 274
  start-page: 1363
  issue: 17
  year: 1995
  end-page: 1367
  ident: 67
  article-title: Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest
  publication-title:
– volume: 367
  start-page: 309
  issue: 4
  year: 2012
  end-page: 318
  ident: 89
  article-title: n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycaemia
  publication-title:
– volume: 57
  start-page: 779S
  issue: 5
  year: 1993
  end-page: 785S
  ident: 11
  article-title: Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of lipid-oxidation products
  publication-title:
– volume: 308
  start-page: 1024
  issue: 10
  year: 2012
  end-page: 1033
  ident: 92
  article-title: Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  publication-title:
– volume: 105
  start-page: 1135
  issue: 9
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1143
  ident: 45
  article-title: Inflammation and atherosclerosis
  publication-title:
– volume: 84
  start-page: 5
  issue: 1
  year: 2006
  end-page: 17
  ident: 91
  article-title: n-3 fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not -linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review
  publication-title:
– volume: 2
  start-page: 251
  issue: 3
  year: 2006
  end-page: 262
  ident: 72
  article-title: A review of omega-3 ethyl esters for cardiovascular prevention and treatment of increased blood triglyceride levels
  publication-title:
– volume: 312
  start-page: 1205
  issue: 19
  year: 1985
  end-page: 1209
  ident: 61
  article-title: The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease
  publication-title:
– volume: 73
  start-page: 251
  issue: 2
  year: 1996
  end-page: 253
  ident: 27
  article-title: Brazilian encapsulated fish oils: oxidative stability and fatty acid composition
  publication-title:
– volume: 28
  start-page: 1815
  issue: 12
  year: 2000
  end-page: 1826
  ident: 47
  article-title: The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an overview
  publication-title:
– volume: 55
  issue: 1
  year: 2011
  ident: 23
  article-title: Determination of lipid oxidation products in vegetable oils and marine omega-3 supplements
  publication-title:
– volume: 14
  start-page: 1900
  issue: 12
  year: 1994
  end-page: 1905
  ident: 36
  article-title: Oxidized lipids in the diet are a source of oxidized lipid in chylomicrons of human serum
  publication-title:
– volume: 113
  start-page: 195
  issue: 2
  year: 2006
  end-page: 202
  ident: 59
  article-title: Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: the Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) study cohort I
  publication-title:
– volume: 198
  start-page: 104
  issue: 1
  year: 1991
  end-page: 111
  ident: 14
  article-title: Quantitative determination of hydroxy fatty acids as an indicator of in vivo lipid peroxidation: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods
  publication-title:
– volume: 51
  start-page: 1028
  issue: 6
  year: 1990
  end-page: 1034
  ident: 69
  article-title: n-3 fatty acids of marine origin lower systolic blood pressure and triglycerides but raise LDL cholesterol compared with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from plants
  publication-title:
– volume: 8
  start-page: 48
  issue: 10
  year: 2010
  ident: 19
  article-title: Scientific opinion on fish oil for human consumption. Food hygiene, including rancidity
  publication-title:
– volume: 124
  start-page: 318
  issue: 2
  year: 2002
  end-page: 326
  ident: 32
  article-title: Polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipid bilayers: intrinsic and environmental contributions to their unique physical properties
  publication-title:
– volume: 108
  start-page: 315
  issue: 2
  year: 2012
  end-page: 326
  ident: 57
  article-title: Oxidised fish oil does not influence established markers of oxidative stress in healthy human subjects: a randomised controlled trial
  publication-title:
– volume: 369
  start-page: 1090
  issue: 9567
  year: 2007
  end-page: 1098
  ident: 90
  article-title: Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis
  publication-title:
– volume: 165
  start-page: 617
  issue: 6
  year: 2007
  end-page: 624
  ident: 60
  article-title: Less subclinical atherosclerosis in Japanese men in Japan than in white men in the United States in the post-world war II birth cohort
  publication-title:
– volume: 105
  start-page: 1897
  issue: 16
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1903
  ident: 83
  article-title: Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione
  publication-title:
– volume: 43
  start-page: 752
  issue: 5
  year: 1986
  end-page: 757
  ident: 73
  article-title: Fish oil attenuates the cholesterol induced rise in lipoprotein cholesterol
  publication-title:
– volume: 102
  start-page: 42
  issue: 1
  year: 2000
  end-page: 47
  ident: 46
  article-title: Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS)
  publication-title:
– volume: 76
  start-page: 333
  issue: 1
  year: 1979
  end-page: 337
  ident: 48
  article-title: Binding site on macrophages that mediates uptake and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein, producing massive cholesterol deposition
  publication-title:
– volume: 2
  start-page: 304
  year: 2011
  end-page: 316
  ident: 6
  article-title: (n-3) fatty acids alleviate adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance: mechanistic insights
  publication-title:
– volume: 424
  start-page: 83
  issue: 1-2
  year: 1999
  end-page: 95
  ident: 55
  article-title: Lipid peroxidation—DNA damage by malondialdehyde
  publication-title:
– volume: 24
  start-page: 1121
  issue: 10
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1126
  ident: 66
  article-title: Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and blood pressure
  publication-title:
– volume: 13
  start-page: 498
  issue: 3
  year: 2010
  end-page: 511
  ident: 24
  article-title: Omega-3 LC PUFA contents and oxidative stability of encapsulated fish oil dietary supplements
  publication-title:
– volume: 1393
  start-page: 349
  issue: 2-3
  year: 1998
  end-page: 361
  ident: 40
  article-title: Dietary hydroperoxides of linoleic acid decompose to aldehydes in stomach before being absorbed into the body
  publication-title:
– volume: 391
  start-page: 499
  issue: 5
  year: 2006
  end-page: 510
  ident: 42
  article-title: Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the genesis and perpetuation of cancer: role of lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and repair
  publication-title:
– volume: 312
  start-page: 677
  issue: 7032
  year: 1996
  end-page: 678
  ident: 77
  article-title: Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: a double blind randomised controlled trial
  publication-title:
– volume: 59
  start-page: 955
  issue: 4
  year: 2003
  end-page: 962
  ident: 81
  article-title: The effects of dietary fatty acid supplementation on endothelial function and vascular tone in healthy subjects
  publication-title:
– volume: 139
  start-page: 1890
  issue: 10
  year: 2009
  end-page: 1895
  ident: 17
  article-title: Flaxseed oil supplementation increases plasma F1-phytoprostanes in healthy men
  publication-title:
– volume: 39
  start-page: 4067
  issue: 11
  year: 2010
  end-page: 4079
  ident: 8
  article-title: Lipid oxidation and improving the oxidative stability
  publication-title:
– volume: 146
  start-page: 420
  issue: 3
  year: 2003
  end-page: 430
  ident: 29
  article-title: Antiarrhythmic effects of omega-3 fatty acids: from epidemiology to bedside
  publication-title:
– volume: 68
  start-page: 2092
  issue: 5
  year: 1997
  end-page: 2097
  ident: 43
  article-title: 4-hydroxynonenal-derived advanced lipid peroxidation end products are increased in Alzheimer's disease
  publication-title:
– volume: 469
  start-page: 12
  year: 2007
  end-page: 15
  ident: 25
  article-title: Something fishy? Omega-3 supplements test
  publication-title:
– volume: 122
  start-page: 2152
  issue: 21
  year: 2010
  end-page: 2159
  ident: 50
  article-title: OMEGA, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test the effect of highly purified omega-3 fatty acids on top of modern guideline-adjusted therapy after myocardial infarction
  publication-title:
– volume: 17
  start-page: 279
  issue: 2
  year: 1997
  end-page: 286
  ident: 79
  article-title: Interactions between dietary fat, fish, and fish oils and their effects on platelet function in men at risk of cardiovascular disease
  publication-title:
– volume: 41
  start-page: 481
  year: 1954
  end-page: 487
  ident: 7
  article-title: Studies on the toxicity of fish oil
  publication-title:
– volume: 11
  start-page: 485
  issue: 3
  year: 1997
  end-page: 491
  ident: 85
  article-title: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival—4
  publication-title:
– volume: 45
  start-page: 469
  issue: 4
  year: 2011
  end-page: 476
  ident: 10
  article-title: The effects of oxidation products of arachidonic acid and n3 fatty acids on vascular and platelet function
  publication-title:
– volume: 346
  start-page: 1113
  issue: 15
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1118
  ident: 63
  article-title: Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death
  publication-title:
– volume: 86
  start-page: S121
  issue: 1
  year: 2001
  end-page: S127
  ident: 44
  article-title: Transcription factor NF- B as a potential biomarker for oxidative stress
  publication-title:
– volume: 107
  start-page: 1
  issue: 1
  year: 2004
  end-page: 11
  ident: 3
  article-title: n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: evidence explained and mechanisms explored
  publication-title:
– volume: 24
  start-page: 1621
  issue: 9
  year: 2004
  end-page: 1627
  ident: 34
  article-title: Oxidized omega-3 fatty acids inhibit NF- B activation via a PPAR -dependent pathway
  publication-title:
– volume: 36
  start-page: 76
  issue: 2
  year: 2004
  end-page: 79
  ident: 41
  article-title: Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in acute organophosphorous insecticide poisoning
  publication-title:
– volume: 42
  start-page: 427
  issue: 5
  year: 2007
  end-page: 437
  ident: 96
  article-title: Metabolic syndrome: effects of n-3 PUFAs on a model of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and adiposity
  publication-title:
– volume: 1
  start-page: 1143
  issue: 7710
  year: 1971
  end-page: 1145
  ident: 62
  article-title: Plasma lipid and lipoprotein pattern in Greenlandic West-coast Eskimos
  publication-title:
– volume: 63
  start-page: 53
  issue: 1
  year: 1987
  end-page: 56
  ident: 49
  article-title: Fish oil feeding results in an enhancement of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits
  publication-title:
– volume: 47
  start-page: 233
  issue: 3
  year: 1996
  end-page: 261
  ident: 9
  article-title: Lipid peroxidation: a review of causes, consequences, measurement and dietary influences
  publication-title:
– volume: 98
  start-page: 27
  issue: 4
  year: 2006
  end-page: 33
  ident: 28
  article-title: Mechanisms for the hypotriglyceridemic effect of marine omega-3 fatty acids
  publication-title:
– volume: 228
  start-page: 294
  issue: 2
  year: 1995
  end-page: 298
  ident: 16
  article-title: Determination of aldehydes and other lipid peroxidation products in biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  publication-title:
– volume: 189
  start-page: 19
  issue: 1
  year: 2006
  end-page: 30
  ident: 88
  article-title: Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review
  publication-title:
– volume: 57
  start-page: 451
  issue: 6
  year: 2008
  end-page: 455
  ident: 31
  article-title: Polyunsaturated fatty acids as antioxidants
  publication-title:
– volume: 121
  start-page: 165
  issue: 2
  year: 1991
  end-page: 169
  ident: 33
  article-title: The effects of fish oil on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and malondialdehyde in humans supplemented with vitamin E
  publication-title:
– volume: 62
  start-page: 115
  issue: 4
  year: 2007
  end-page: 119
  ident: 26
  article-title: Omega-3 fatty acid preparations—a comparative study
  publication-title:
– volume: 142
  start-page: 687
  issue: 5
  year: 2010
  end-page: 698
  ident: 30
  article-title: GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects
  publication-title:
– volume: 42
  start-page: 521
  issue: 7
  year: 2010
  end-page: 529
  ident: 37
  article-title: Lipoprotein-specific transport of circulating lipid peroxides
  publication-title:
– volume: 119
  start-page: 604
  issue: 3
  year: 2011
  end-page: 616
  ident: 35
  article-title: The fatty acid oxidation product 15-A3t-isoprostane is a potent inhibitor of NF B transcription and macrophage transformation
  publication-title:
– start-page: 1
  issue: 343
  year: 2004
  end-page: 19
  ident: 2
  article-title: Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002
  publication-title:
– volume: 17
  start-page: 37
  issue: 1
  year: 1994
  end-page: 44
  ident: 80
  article-title: Effects of a small quantity of -3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors in NIDDM: a randomized, prospective, double-blind, controlled study
  publication-title:
– volume: 29
  start-page: 592
  issue: 5
  year: 2010
  end-page: 599
  ident: 70
  article-title: N-3 LC-PUFA-enriched dairy products are able to reduce cardiovascular risk factors: a double-blind, cross-over study
  publication-title:
– volume: 23
  start-page: 2918
  issue: 9
  year: 2008
  end-page: 2924
  ident: 71
  article-title: The effect of n-3 fatty acids on lipids and lipoproteins in patients treated with chronic haemodialysis: a randomized placebo-controlled intervention study
  publication-title:
– volume: 122
  start-page: 2190
  issue: 11
  year: 1992
  end-page: 2195
  ident: 53
  article-title: Lipid peroxidation products are elevated in fish oil diets even in the presence of added antioxidants
  publication-title:
– volume: 31
  start-page: 243
  issue: 3
  year: 1996
  end-page: 252
  ident: 68
  article-title: n-3 fatty acids and lipoproteins: comparison of results from human and animal studies
  publication-title:
– volume: 135
  start-page: 2634
  issue: 11
  year: 2005
  end-page: 2638
  ident: 95
  article-title: Dietary (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent sucrose-induced insulin resistance in rats
  publication-title:
– volume: 10
  start-page: 1
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  end-page: 14
  ident: 94
  article-title: n-3 PUFA added to high-fat diets affect differently adiposity and inflammation when carried by phospholipids or triacylglycerols in mice
  publication-title:
– volume: 70
  start-page: 331
  issue: 3
  year: 1999
  end-page: 337
  ident: 78
  article-title: Heart rate variability and fatty acid content of blood cell membranes: a dose-response study with n-3 fatty acids
  publication-title:
– volume: 20
  start-page: 1493
  issue: 8
  year: 2002
  end-page: 1499
  ident: 86
  article-title: Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials
  publication-title:
– volume: 94
  start-page: 543
  issue: 2
  year: 2011
  end-page: 551
  ident: 58
  article-title: Fish, shellfish, and long-chain n-3 fatty acid consumption and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Chinese men and women
  publication-title:
– ident: 15
  doi: 10.1006/abio.1994.1355
– ident: 42
  doi: 10.1007/s00423-006-0073-1
– volume: 29
  start-page: 47
  issue: 1
  year: 1994
  ident: 52
  publication-title: Lipids
  doi: 10.1007/BF02537090
– ident: 86
  doi: 10.1097/00004872-200208000-00010
– ident: 35
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07422.x
– ident: 31
  doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2008.05.002
– volume: 135
  start-page: 2634
  issue: 11
  year: 2005
  ident: 95
  publication-title: Journal of Nutrition
  doi: 10.1093/jn/135.11.2634
– ident: 58
  doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013193
– ident: 47
  doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00344-0
– ident: 32
  doi: 10.1021/ja0118340
– volume: 86
  start-page: S121
  issue: 1
  year: 2001
  ident: 44
  publication-title: British Journal of Nutrition
– ident: 30
  doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.07.041
– ident: 72
  doi: 10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.3.251
– ident: 88
  doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.012
– volume: 47
  start-page: 233
  issue: 3
  year: 1996
  ident: 9
  publication-title: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
  doi: 10.3109/09637489609012586
– ident: 45
  doi: 10.1161/hc0902.104353
– ident: 66
  doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.120
– volume: 469
  start-page: 12
  year: 2007
  ident: 25
  publication-title: Consumer
– volume: 75
  start-page: 645
  year: 2013
  ident: 4
  publication-title: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x
– ident: 50
  doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.948562
– volume: 5
  start-page: 705
  issue: 9
  year: 1996
  ident: 56
  publication-title: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention
– ident: 70
  doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2010.02.008
– volume: 36
  start-page: 76
  issue: 2
  year: 2004
  ident: 41
  publication-title: Indian Journal of Pharmacology
– ident: 34
  doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000137191.02577.86
– volume: 4
  start-page: 331
  issue: 3
  year: 1983
  ident: 54
  publication-title: Carcinogenesis
  doi: 10.1093/carcin/4.3.331
– volume: 17
  start-page: 37
  issue: 1
  year: 1994
  ident: 80
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.17.1.37
– volume: 62
  start-page: 115
  issue: 4
  year: 2007
  ident: 26
  publication-title: Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique
– volume: 73
  start-page: 251
  issue: 2
  year: 1996
  ident: 27
  publication-title: Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
  doi: 10.1007/BF02523904
– ident: 83
  doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000014682.14181.F2
– ident: 59
  doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.581355
– ident: 14
  doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90513-S
– ident: 3
  doi: 10.1042/CS20040119
– volume: 14
  start-page: 1900
  issue: 12
  year: 1994
  ident: 36
  publication-title: Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis
  doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.14.12.1900
– ident: 57
  doi: 10.1017/S0007114511005484
– ident: 75
  doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602631
– volume: 88
  start-page: 523
  issue: 2
  year: 1993
  ident: 87
  publication-title: Circulation
  doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.88.2.523
– start-page: 1
  issue: 343
  year: 2004
  ident: 2
  publication-title: Advance Data
– volume: 274
  start-page: 1363
  issue: 17
  year: 1995
  ident: 67
  publication-title: Journal of the American Medical Association
  doi: 10.1001/jama.1995.03530170043030
– volume: 70
  start-page: 331
  issue: 3
  year: 1999
  ident: 78
  publication-title: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  doi: 10.1093/ajcn/70.3.331
– volume: 51
  start-page: 1028
  issue: 6
  year: 1990
  ident: 69
  publication-title: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  doi: 10.1093/ajcn/51.6.1028
– ident: 90
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60527-3
– volume: 1
  start-page: 1143
  issue: 7710
  year: 1971
  ident: 62
  publication-title: The Lancet
– ident: 5
  doi: 10.1179/1476830511Y.0000000012
– ident: 8
  doi: 10.1039/b922183m
– volume: 339
  start-page: 883
  issue: 8798
  year: 1992
  ident: 39
  publication-title: The Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90926-T
– volume: 63
  start-page: 53
  issue: 1
  year: 1987
  ident: 49
  publication-title: Atherosclerosis
  doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(87)90081-5
– year: 2008
  ident: 1
– volume: 43
  start-page: 752
  issue: 5
  year: 1986
  ident: 73
  publication-title: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  doi: 10.1093/ajcn/43.5.752
– volume: 57
  start-page: 779S
  issue: 5
  year: 1993
  ident: 11
  publication-title: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  doi: 10.1093/ajcn/57.5.779S
– ident: 93
  doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.12.016
– ident: 82
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12468-3
– ident: 96
  doi: 10.1007/s11745-007-3039-3
– ident: 89
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1203859
– year: 2005
  ident: 12
– ident: 64
  doi: 10.1056/NEJM199704103361502
– volume: 312
  start-page: 677
  issue: 7032
  year: 1996
  ident: 77
  publication-title: British Medical Journal
  doi: 10.1136/bmj.312.7032.677
– ident: 24
  doi: 10.1080/10942910802652222
– ident: 28
  doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.024
– volume: 68
  start-page: 2092
  issue: 5
  year: 1997
  ident: 43
  publication-title: Journal of Neurochemistry
  doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68052092.x
– ident: 40
  doi: 10.1016/S0005-2760(98)00089-7
– volume: 8
  start-page: 48
  issue: 10
  year: 2010
  ident: 19
  publication-title: EFSA Journal
– ident: 76
  doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.556886
– volume: 122
  start-page: 2190
  issue: 11
  year: 1992
  ident: 53
  publication-title: Journal of Nutrition
  doi: 10.1093/jn/122.11.2190
– ident: 94
  doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-1
– volume: 41
  start-page: 481
  year: 1954
  ident: 7
  publication-title: The Journal of Biochemistry
  doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a126465
– ident: 85
  doi: 10.1023/A:1007757724505
– ident: 55
  doi: 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00010-X
– volume: 312
  start-page: 1205
  issue: 19
  year: 1985
  ident: 61
  publication-title: The New England Journal of Medicine
  doi: 10.1056/NEJM198505093121901
– ident: 92
  doi: 10.1001/2012.jama.11374
– volume: 23
  start-page: 370
  issue: 4
  year: 1988
  ident: 51
  publication-title: Lipids
  doi: 10.1007/BF02537352
– volume: 121
  start-page: 165
  issue: 2
  year: 1991
  ident: 33
  publication-title: Journal of Nutrition
  doi: 10.1093/jn/121.2.165
– ident: 37
  doi: 10.3109/07853890.2010.510932
– ident: 60
  doi: 10.1093/aje/kwk053
– ident: 10
  doi: 10.3109/10715762.2010.544730
– volume: 76
  start-page: 333
  issue: 1
  year: 1979
  ident: 48
  publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.1.333
– ident: 71
  doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfn180
– volume: 2
  start-page: 757
  issue: 8666
  year: 1989
  ident: 84
  publication-title: The Lancet
– ident: 29
  doi: 10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00327-2
– ident: 74
  doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.04.017
– volume: 102
  start-page: 42
  issue: 1
  year: 2000
  ident: 46
  publication-title: Circulation
  doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.102.1.42
– ident: 13
  doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.003
– ident: 63
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa012918
– ident: 17
  doi: 10.3945/jn.109.108316
– ident: 65
  doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013334
– ident: 68
  doi: 10.1007/BF02529870
– ident: 81
  doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(03)00395-X
– ident: 6
  doi: 10.3945/an.111.000505
– volume: 17
  start-page: 279
  issue: 2
  year: 1997
  ident: 79
  publication-title: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
  doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.17.2.279
– volume: 84
  start-page: 5
  issue: 1
  year: 2006
  ident: 91
  publication-title: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  doi: 10.1093/ajcn/84.1.5
– ident: 16
  doi: 10.1006/abio.1995.1353
– ident: 23
  doi: 10.3402/fnr.v55i0.5792
– ident: 38
  doi: 10.1007/s11745-004-1277-4
– ident: 97
  doi: 10.1096/fj.08-125674
SSID ssj0000816096
Score 2.40633
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Marine omega-3 rich oils are used by more than a third of American adults for a wide range of purported benefits including prevention of cardiovascular...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
gale
crossref
pubmed
hindawi
emarefa
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 1
SubjectTerms Animals
Cardiovascular diseases
Chemical properties
Clinical Trials as Topic
Dietary Supplements
Fatty Acids, Omega-3 - metabolism
Fish Oils - metabolism
Health aspects
Humans
Omega-3 fatty acids
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidation-reduction reaction
Prevention
Review
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: Hindawi Publishing
  dbid: RHX
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3dS8MwEA86mPgifjudEtHXYpv0I30c4hjCHIiDvZU0Tdwe1onb0D_fuzSWbYr4Vkgbwu9yze8u90HIrQISb5IQ9DvW0gtZYDyRF6mXJxrYbCEiYfPW-k9xbxg-jqKRC5Cd_7zCh9MOzPOA34VxmGK--LYQqH7PvVHtScHWEX5adZELQrCFOHeJeBtfrx09TT2V8CDrX3FzjEbwx-Q3qrkZMblyBHX3yZ7jjrRTCfuAbOnykOz03e34ERGDz0nVIonODO1LTOyjg6l-lR6ntn2n9QXOqSwLar33tMpCOibD7sPLfc9znRE8BfRs4RlAXoRBCvinwo813nXlkSyilJvCMKmkMqCrisW5jnkMlKDwZcCU8VUuEyAZJ6RRzkp9Rmgguc5BTmCGwOEuQ-n7kqGryQR5IIRqgTwdaNlbVQAjs4ZDFGWIbVZh2yKnDtCVt7C8PYy0EeAMFQawU7B9VdbhCecJEzh844D_e_rrb6FkOAFGhpV6tpxnGKaXioglApZQCameiGHZJuCnLZKsia9-AWtrr4-Uk7GtsQ2zJsAtz_-1uguyy2yXDPTMtElj8b7Ul8BVFvmV3apf6_vd9g
  priority: 102
  providerName: Hindawi Publishing
– databaseName: Scholars Portal Journals: Open Access
  dbid: M48
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3NS8MwFA9DmXgRv51Oiei12qZNmx5EhihDUC8OvJU0TdzAteomzv_e99JsTJneSpO-lvdLmt9L3gchpwpIvEkimN-xll7EAuOJvEi9PNHAZgvBhY1bu7uPu73o9ok_Nci0GKdT4GihaYf1pHrvL2eTt69LmPAXdsJzDvZ7EJ5HcZRiQPkyi8BERx8-x_PtL1kEMXB1F5_36xnMB4z5fUJMsDC3ODX1UMKFnP2sm300kz8Hi8job5_KuUXqZp2sOXZJO_Vw2CANXW6SlTt3fr5FxMNkUBdRopWh8GK4S6uhfpZeSEdY4NPuFo6oLAtqy_fROlBym_Rurh-vup6rneApIHBjzwA2IgpSQCgVfqzxNCznsuBpaArDpJLKwGxWLM51HMZAGgpfBkwZX-UyARqyQ5bKqtR7hAYy1DkgCYYKLP8ykr4vGW5GmSAPhFAtQNwpLXutU2Rk1rTgPEM1Z7WaW2TXKXSuFybAh5Y2KjhDkEF3Cga4yjoASZgwgc0nTvH_iz-egpKhAPQdK3X1McrQkS8VnCUCPqEGaSZoCnyLJD_gm3XA7Ns_W8pB32bhBqkJsM_9P2UekFVma2fgfk2bLI3fP_QhMJhxfmRH5zdXxOjN
  priority: 102
  providerName: Scholars Portal
Title Oxidation of Marine Omega-3 Supplements and Human Health
URI https://search.emarefa.net/detail/BIM-1004361
https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/464921
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23738326
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1365985278
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3657456
Volume 2013
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3da9swEBdtR0dfSvedtQsa26sb69PyY1uahYHbUlbIm5FkaQ0sTmlTtj9_d7IT0jH2sBdjI1mI-510d9J9EPLZgxIfCwnrWwebSc5iZlxTZq4IoM02RpkUt1Zd6MmN_DpV0y2iVrEwyWnfu9lx-2N-3M5uk2_l3dyPVn5io6vqTGhVgOAfbZNtYNANEz1tv4bpvOyKyjEJppEQfVweiE6w9ZkYSS1LjjViOOb1EZhYYUMo7Ya5hRe73qR3b9E8_jn7mxL6py_lhnAaH5D9XqukJ93sX5Ct0L4kz6v-3vwVMZe_Zl3xJLqItLIY8kcv5-G7zQRNhT3TKeEDtW1D07k-7eKTXpOb8fm3s0nW10zIPChuyywCJkayEpApTa4D3oI5ZRtVithEbr31EVax59oFLTQoC01uGfcx984WoH68ITvtog3vCGVWBAcIgoECYt9Km-eW4yFUZI4Z4weAdE-0-q5LjVEnk0KpGslcd2QekLc9QTd6YeJ7aDlCAte4lIB2Hhjb1ycAiSi4weZPPeH_PfzHFSg1DoA-Y21YPD7U6MBXGsULA1PoQFoPtAJ-QIon8K07YNbtpy3AjCn7ds987__7z0Oyx1NNDTzHOSI7y_vH8AE0m6UbAj9PC3ia8ZcheXZ6fnF1DV-VNPC8nkyHidN_A3nU9vQ
link.rule.ids 230,315,730,783,787,866,881,888,2228,24330,27936,27937,31732,33386,33757,53804,53806
linkProvider National Library of Medicine
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3dTxQxEG8Qg_pi_PYAtUZfl9t-bveREMipLPgACW9N223hEm-PyBH9853p7l0OY3jwbZN2m2Z-M52Zdj4I-RzAiE-VBPnW0RWSs1QY39aFryJYs61RJuetNSd6ci6_XqiLDaKWuTA5aD_46V73Y7bXTa9ybOX1LIyXcWLj782B0KoCxT9-QB6CvJZyzUnPB7Bhuqz7tnJMgnMkxJCZB8oTvH0mxlLLmmOXGI6VfQSWVlhTS1tx5uDDrY7prSt0kH9N_2WG_h1Nuaaejp6Rp4NdSff7_T8nG7F7QR41w8v5S2JOf0_79kl0nmjjMOmPns7ipSsEza098z3hDXVdS_PNPu0zlF6R86PDs4NJMXRNKAKYbosiASpGshqwqU2pI76DeeVaVYvUJu6CCwnkOHDtoxYazIW2dIyHVAbvKjBAXpPNbt7Ft4QyJ6IHDMFFAcXvpCtLx_EaKjHPjAkjwHogmr3ui2PY7FQoZZHMtifziLwZCLo2C0vfw8guEtiiMAHtArB2sPsAiai4weFPA-HvX_7jEhSLC2DUWBfntzcWQ_hqo3hlYAs9SKuFlsCPSHUHvtUErLt9dwTYMdffHthv-7___EAeT86aY3v85eTbDnnCc4cNvNXZJZuLn7fxHdg5C_8-c_Uf3ZD09g
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LT9wwELYoCNRLxaOl21JqRK8hsZ04zhFBV9B2gQNI3CzbsWGlbnZVFrU_vzNOdhVQ1QO3SHasZL6x5-F5EPLFgRIfyhz2t_QmyTkLibJ1ldjSgzZbq0LFvLXRhTy7yb_dFre9Vl8xaN_Z8VHzc3LUjO9jbOVs4tJFnFh6NToRsihB8KezOqSvyBrs2Uz2DPV4CCsms6ptLcdyMJCE6LLzQICCxc9Emsu84tgphmN1H4HlFXqiad1PDDyY5VG9fo9G8u_xv1TR5xGVPRE13CRvOt2SHrf_sEVWfLNNNkbd7fkOUZd_xm0LJToNdGQw8Y9eTvydSQSN7T2jr_CBmqam0btP2yylt-Rm-PX65CzpOickDtS3eRIAGZWzCvCpgDYe78JsYeqiEqEO3DjjAuxlx6X1UkhQGerMMO5C5qwpQQl5R1abaePfE8qM8BZwBDMFhL_JTZYZjq6owCxTyg0A745oetYWyNDRsCgKjWTWLZkHZLcjaG8Wlr-HkT0ksMYNBbRzwN5OHwMkouQKhw87wv9_-YMFKBoXwMixxk8fHzSG8VWq4KWCT2hBWi60AH5AyifwLSdg7e2nI8CSsQZ3x4IfXvzmZ7JxdTrUP84vvn8kr3lssoGOnT2yOv_16D-BqjO3-5Gp_wKE7PYJ
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oxidation+of+marine+omega-3+supplements+and+human+health&rft.jtitle=BioMed+research+international&rft.au=Albert%2C+Benjamin+B&rft.au=Cameron-Smith%2C+David&rft.au=Hofman%2C+Paul+L&rft.au=Cutfield%2C+Wayne+S&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.eissn=2314-6141&rft.volume=2013&rft.spage=464921&rft_id=info:doi/10.1155%2F2013%2F464921&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23738326&rft.externalDocID=23738326
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2314-6133&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2314-6133&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2314-6133&client=summon