Optimal resistance training parameters for improving bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Background This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing on different training intensities, durations, frequencies, and periods, across various skeletal sites lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), to...
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| Published in | Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research Vol. 20; no. 1; pp. 523 - 14 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
27.05.2025
BioMed Central Ltd BMC |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1749-799X 1749-799X |
| DOI | 10.1186/s13018-025-05890-1 |
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| Abstract | Background
This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing on different training intensities, durations, frequencies, and periods, across various skeletal sites lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and trochanter (Troch).
Methods
We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies evaluating the impact of resistance training programs on BMD in postmenopausal women, covering all records up to March 2025. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Handbook, and performed the meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 18 software.
Results
17 randomized controlled trials involving 690 subjects were included. The results indicate that resistance training significantly improves BMD at the LS (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI [0.21, 1.56],
P
= 0.01, I
2
= 91%), FN (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI [0.40, 1.39],
P
= 0.0004, I
2
= 87%) and TH (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI [0.10, 0.50],
P
= 0.003, I
2
= 25%). However, no significant effect was observed on Troch bone density (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.47],
P
= 0.06, I
2
= 19%). Subgroup analysis further revealed that high-intensity training (≥ 70% 1RM) had a significant effect on the TH and FN (
P
< 0.05); training three times per week significantly improved bone mineral density at the LS, FN, TH, and Troch (
P
< 0.05); intervention durations of ≥ 48 weeks had a significant impact on FN and TH (
P
< 0.05); and sessions lasting 40 min had a significant effect on LS (
P
< 0.05).
Conclusion
Resistance training can beneficially influence BMD in postmenopausal women, particularly at the LS, FN, and TH. A high-intensity training regimen (≥ 70% 1RM) performed three times per week with a longer training duration may be optimal. However, significant heterogeneity among the included studies for LS and FN bone density may affect the accuracy of the pooled results, thereby limiting the generalizability of these findings. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Background This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing on different training intensities, durations, frequencies, and periods, across various skeletal sites lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and trochanter (Troch). Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies evaluating the impact of resistance training programs on BMD in postmenopausal women, covering all records up to March 2025. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Handbook, and performed the meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 18 software. Results 17 randomized controlled trials involving 690 subjects were included. The results indicate that resistance training significantly improves BMD at the LS (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI [0.21, 1.56], P = 0.01, I.sup.2 = 91%), FN (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI [0.40, 1.39], P = 0.0004, I.sup.2 = 87%) and TH (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI [0.10, 0.50], P = 0.003, I.sup.2 = 25%). However, no significant effect was observed on Troch bone density (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.47], P = 0.06, I.sup.2 = 19%). Subgroup analysis further revealed that high-intensity training ([greater than or equal to] 70% 1RM) had a significant effect on the TH and FN (P < 0.05); training three times per week significantly improved bone mineral density at the LS, FN, TH, and Troch (P < 0.05); intervention durations of [greater than or equal to] 48 weeks had a significant impact on FN and TH (P < 0.05); and sessions lasting 40 min had a significant effect on LS (P < 0.05). Conclusion Resistance training can beneficially influence BMD in postmenopausal women, particularly at the LS, FN, and TH. A high-intensity training regimen ([greater than or equal to] 70% 1RM) performed three times per week with a longer training duration may be optimal. However, significant heterogeneity among the included studies for LS and FN bone density may affect the accuracy of the pooled results, thereby limiting the generalizability of these findings. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings. Keywords: Resistance training, Postmenopausal, Women, Bone density, Meta-analysis This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing on different training intensities, durations, frequencies, and periods, across various skeletal sites lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and trochanter (Troch).BACKGROUNDThis meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing on different training intensities, durations, frequencies, and periods, across various skeletal sites lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and trochanter (Troch).We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies evaluating the impact of resistance training programs on BMD in postmenopausal women, covering all records up to March 2025. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Handbook, and performed the meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 18 software.METHODSWe systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies evaluating the impact of resistance training programs on BMD in postmenopausal women, covering all records up to March 2025. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Handbook, and performed the meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 18 software.17 randomized controlled trials involving 690 subjects were included. The results indicate that resistance training significantly improves BMD at the LS (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI [0.21, 1.56], P = 0.01, I2 = 91%), FN (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI [0.40, 1.39], P = 0.0004, I2 = 87%) and TH (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI [0.10, 0.50], P = 0.003, I2 = 25%). However, no significant effect was observed on Troch bone density (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.47], P = 0.06, I2 = 19%). Subgroup analysis further revealed that high-intensity training (≥ 70% 1RM) had a significant effect on the TH and FN (P < 0.05); training three times per week significantly improved bone mineral density at the LS, FN, TH, and Troch (P < 0.05); intervention durations of ≥ 48 weeks had a significant impact on FN and TH (P < 0.05); and sessions lasting 40 min had a significant effect on LS (P < 0.05).RESULTS17 randomized controlled trials involving 690 subjects were included. The results indicate that resistance training significantly improves BMD at the LS (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI [0.21, 1.56], P = 0.01, I2 = 91%), FN (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI [0.40, 1.39], P = 0.0004, I2 = 87%) and TH (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI [0.10, 0.50], P = 0.003, I2 = 25%). However, no significant effect was observed on Troch bone density (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.47], P = 0.06, I2 = 19%). Subgroup analysis further revealed that high-intensity training (≥ 70% 1RM) had a significant effect on the TH and FN (P < 0.05); training three times per week significantly improved bone mineral density at the LS, FN, TH, and Troch (P < 0.05); intervention durations of ≥ 48 weeks had a significant impact on FN and TH (P < 0.05); and sessions lasting 40 min had a significant effect on LS (P < 0.05).Resistance training can beneficially influence BMD in postmenopausal women, particularly at the LS, FN, and TH. A high-intensity training regimen (≥ 70% 1RM) performed three times per week with a longer training duration may be optimal. However, significant heterogeneity among the included studies for LS and FN bone density may affect the accuracy of the pooled results, thereby limiting the generalizability of these findings. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings.CONCLUSIONResistance training can beneficially influence BMD in postmenopausal women, particularly at the LS, FN, and TH. A high-intensity training regimen (≥ 70% 1RM) performed three times per week with a longer training duration may be optimal. However, significant heterogeneity among the included studies for LS and FN bone density may affect the accuracy of the pooled results, thereby limiting the generalizability of these findings. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings. This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing on different training intensities, durations, frequencies, and periods, across various skeletal sites lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and trochanter (Troch). We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies evaluating the impact of resistance training programs on BMD in postmenopausal women, covering all records up to March 2025. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Handbook, and performed the meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 18 software. 17 randomized controlled trials involving 690 subjects were included. The results indicate that resistance training significantly improves BMD at the LS (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI [0.21, 1.56], P = 0.01, I.sup.2 = 91%), FN (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI [0.40, 1.39], P = 0.0004, I.sup.2 = 87%) and TH (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI [0.10, 0.50], P = 0.003, I.sup.2 = 25%). However, no significant effect was observed on Troch bone density (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.47], P = 0.06, I.sup.2 = 19%). Subgroup analysis further revealed that high-intensity training ([greater than or equal to] 70% 1RM) had a significant effect on the TH and FN (P < 0.05); training three times per week significantly improved bone mineral density at the LS, FN, TH, and Troch (P < 0.05); intervention durations of [greater than or equal to] 48 weeks had a significant impact on FN and TH (P < 0.05); and sessions lasting 40 min had a significant effect on LS (P < 0.05). Resistance training can beneficially influence BMD in postmenopausal women, particularly at the LS, FN, and TH. A high-intensity training regimen ([greater than or equal to] 70% 1RM) performed three times per week with a longer training duration may be optimal. However, significant heterogeneity among the included studies for LS and FN bone density may affect the accuracy of the pooled results, thereby limiting the generalizability of these findings. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings. Abstract Background This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing on different training intensities, durations, frequencies, and periods, across various skeletal sites lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and trochanter (Troch). Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies evaluating the impact of resistance training programs on BMD in postmenopausal women, covering all records up to March 2025. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Handbook, and performed the meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 18 software. Results 17 randomized controlled trials involving 690 subjects were included. The results indicate that resistance training significantly improves BMD at the LS (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI [0.21, 1.56], P = 0.01, I2 = 91%), FN (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI [0.40, 1.39], P = 0.0004, I2 = 87%) and TH (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI [0.10, 0.50], P = 0.003, I2 = 25%). However, no significant effect was observed on Troch bone density (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.47], P = 0.06, I2 = 19%). Subgroup analysis further revealed that high-intensity training (≥ 70% 1RM) had a significant effect on the TH and FN (P < 0.05); training three times per week significantly improved bone mineral density at the LS, FN, TH, and Troch (P < 0.05); intervention durations of ≥ 48 weeks had a significant impact on FN and TH (P < 0.05); and sessions lasting 40 min had a significant effect on LS (P < 0.05). Conclusion Resistance training can beneficially influence BMD in postmenopausal women, particularly at the LS, FN, and TH. A high-intensity training regimen (≥ 70% 1RM) performed three times per week with a longer training duration may be optimal. However, significant heterogeneity among the included studies for LS and FN bone density may affect the accuracy of the pooled results, thereby limiting the generalizability of these findings. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings. This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing on different training intensities, durations, frequencies, and periods, across various skeletal sites lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and trochanter (Troch). We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies evaluating the impact of resistance training programs on BMD in postmenopausal women, covering all records up to March 2025. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Handbook, and performed the meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 18 software. 17 randomized controlled trials involving 690 subjects were included. The results indicate that resistance training significantly improves BMD at the LS (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI [0.21, 1.56], P = 0.01, I = 91%), FN (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI [0.40, 1.39], P = 0.0004, I = 87%) and TH (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI [0.10, 0.50], P = 0.003, I = 25%). However, no significant effect was observed on Troch bone density (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.47], P = 0.06, I = 19%). Subgroup analysis further revealed that high-intensity training (≥ 70% 1RM) had a significant effect on the TH and FN (P < 0.05); training three times per week significantly improved bone mineral density at the LS, FN, TH, and Troch (P < 0.05); intervention durations of ≥ 48 weeks had a significant impact on FN and TH (P < 0.05); and sessions lasting 40 min had a significant effect on LS (P < 0.05). Resistance training can beneficially influence BMD in postmenopausal women, particularly at the LS, FN, and TH. A high-intensity training regimen (≥ 70% 1RM) performed three times per week with a longer training duration may be optimal. However, significant heterogeneity among the included studies for LS and FN bone density may affect the accuracy of the pooled results, thereby limiting the generalizability of these findings. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings. Background This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing on different training intensities, durations, frequencies, and periods, across various skeletal sites lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and trochanter (Troch). Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies evaluating the impact of resistance training programs on BMD in postmenopausal women, covering all records up to March 2025. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Handbook, and performed the meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 18 software. Results 17 randomized controlled trials involving 690 subjects were included. The results indicate that resistance training significantly improves BMD at the LS (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI [0.21, 1.56], P = 0.01, I 2 = 91%), FN (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI [0.40, 1.39], P = 0.0004, I 2 = 87%) and TH (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI [0.10, 0.50], P = 0.003, I 2 = 25%). However, no significant effect was observed on Troch bone density (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.47], P = 0.06, I 2 = 19%). Subgroup analysis further revealed that high-intensity training (≥ 70% 1RM) had a significant effect on the TH and FN ( P < 0.05); training three times per week significantly improved bone mineral density at the LS, FN, TH, and Troch ( P < 0.05); intervention durations of ≥ 48 weeks had a significant impact on FN and TH ( P < 0.05); and sessions lasting 40 min had a significant effect on LS ( P < 0.05). Conclusion Resistance training can beneficially influence BMD in postmenopausal women, particularly at the LS, FN, and TH. A high-intensity training regimen (≥ 70% 1RM) performed three times per week with a longer training duration may be optimal. However, significant heterogeneity among the included studies for LS and FN bone density may affect the accuracy of the pooled results, thereby limiting the generalizability of these findings. More high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings. |
| ArticleNumber | 523 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Yun, Hezhang Zhao, Fang Wang, Jing Lu, Bin Su, Wenbo Sun, Yaowei |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Fang surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Fang organization: Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, China Basketball College, Beijing Sport University – sequence: 2 givenname: Wenbo surname: Su fullname: Su, Wenbo email: suwb@lzu.edu.cn organization: Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University – sequence: 3 givenname: Yaowei surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Yaowei organization: School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University – sequence: 4 givenname: Jing surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Jing organization: School of Physical Education, Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction – sequence: 5 givenname: Bin surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Bin organization: School of Physical Education, Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction, School of Education, Philippine Women’s University – sequence: 6 givenname: Hezhang surname: Yun fullname: Yun, Hezhang email: runhzdyx@bsu.edu.cn organization: School of Physical Education, Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40420105$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | Postmenopausal Women Bone density Resistance training Meta-analysis |
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This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing... This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing on different... Background This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing... Abstract Background This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically... |
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| SubjectTerms | Aged Analysis Bone density Bone Density - physiology Bones Density Female Femur Neck - physiology Humans Lumbar Vertebrae - physiology Medicine Medicine & Public Health Meta-analysis Middle Aged Orthopedics Osteoporosis Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal - prevention & control Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal - therapy Postmenopausal Postmenopausal women Postmenopause - physiology Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - methods Resistance training Resistance Training - methods Surgical Orthopedics Systematic Review Training Weight training Women |
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| Title | Optimal resistance training parameters for improving bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
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