The Progress of Hard Carbon as an Anode Material in Sodium-Ion Batteries

When compared to expensive lithium metal, the metal sodium resources on Earth are abundant and evenly distributed. Therefore, low-cost sodium-ion batteries are expected to replace lithium-ion batteries and become the most likely energy storage system for large-scale applications. Among the many anod...

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Published inMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 28; no. 7; p. 3134
Main Authors Tan, Suchong, Yang, Han, Zhang, Zhen, Xu, Xiangyu, Xu, Yuanyuan, Zhou, Jian, Zhou, Xinchi, Pan, Zhengdao, Rao, Xingyou, Gu, Yudong, Wang, Zhoulu, Wu, Yutong, Liu, Xiang, Zhang, Yi
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 31.03.2023
MDPI
Subjects
Adsorption
Carbon
Chemical properties
Electric properties
electrochemical performance
Energy storage
Graphite
hard carbon anode
Ions
Lithium
Morphology
Review
Sodium
Sodium compounds
sodium-ion battery
sodium-ion storage
China
hard carbon anode
sodium-ion storage
electrochemical performance
sodium-ion battery
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Abstract When compared to expensive lithium metal, the metal sodium resources on Earth are abundant and evenly distributed. Therefore, low-cost sodium-ion batteries are expected to replace lithium-ion batteries and become the most likely energy storage system for large-scale applications. Among the many anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, hard carbon has obvious advantages and great commercial potential. In this review, the adsorption behavior of sodium ions at the active sites on the surface of hard carbon, the process of entering the graphite lamellar, and their sequence in the discharge process are analyzed. The controversial storage mechanism of sodium ions is discussed, and four storage mechanisms for sodium ions are summarized. Not only is the storage mechanism of sodium ions (in hard carbon) analyzed in depth, but also the relationships between their morphology and structure regulation and between heteroatom doping and electrolyte optimization are further discussed, as well as the electrochemical performance of hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries. It is expected that the sodium-ion batteries with hard carbon anodes will have excellent electrochemical performance, and lower costs will be required for large-scale energy storage systems.
AbstractList When compared to expensive lithium metal, the metal sodium resources on Earth are abundant and evenly distributed. Therefore, low-cost sodium-ion batteries are expected to replace lithium-ion batteries and become the most likely energy storage system for large-scale applications. Among the many anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, hard carbon has obvious advantages and great commercial potential. In this review, the adsorption behavior of sodium ions at the active sites on the surface of hard carbon, the process of entering the graphite lamellar, and their sequence in the discharge process are analyzed. The controversial storage mechanism of sodium ions is discussed, and four storage mechanisms for sodium ions are summarized. Not only is the storage mechanism of sodium ions (in hard carbon) analyzed in depth, but also the relationships between their morphology and structure regulation and between heteroatom doping and electrolyte optimization are further discussed, as well as the electrochemical performance of hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries. It is expected that the sodium-ion batteries with hard carbon anodes will have excellent electrochemical performance, and lower costs will be required for large-scale energy storage systems.
When compared to expensive lithium metal, the metal sodium resources on Earth are abundant and evenly distributed. Therefore, low-cost sodium-ion batteries are expected to replace lithium-ion batteries and become the most likely energy storage system for large-scale applications. Among the many anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, hard carbon has obvious advantages and great commercial potential. In this review, the adsorption behavior of sodium ions at the active sites on the surface of hard carbon, the process of entering the graphite lamellar, and their sequence in the discharge process are analyzed. The controversial storage mechanism of sodium ions is discussed, and four storage mechanisms for sodium ions are summarized. Not only is the storage mechanism of sodium ions (in hard carbon) analyzed in depth, but also the relationships between their morphology and structure regulation and between heteroatom doping and electrolyte optimization are further discussed, as well as the electrochemical performance of hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries. It is expected that the sodium-ion batteries with hard carbon anodes will have excellent electrochemical performance, and lower costs will be required for large-scale energy storage systems.When compared to expensive lithium metal, the metal sodium resources on Earth are abundant and evenly distributed. Therefore, low-cost sodium-ion batteries are expected to replace lithium-ion batteries and become the most likely energy storage system for large-scale applications. Among the many anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, hard carbon has obvious advantages and great commercial potential. In this review, the adsorption behavior of sodium ions at the active sites on the surface of hard carbon, the process of entering the graphite lamellar, and their sequence in the discharge process are analyzed. The controversial storage mechanism of sodium ions is discussed, and four storage mechanisms for sodium ions are summarized. Not only is the storage mechanism of sodium ions (in hard carbon) analyzed in depth, but also the relationships between their morphology and structure regulation and between heteroatom doping and electrolyte optimization are further discussed, as well as the electrochemical performance of hard carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries. It is expected that the sodium-ion batteries with hard carbon anodes will have excellent electrochemical performance, and lower costs will be required for large-scale energy storage systems.
Audience Academic
Author Zhou, Jian
Liu, Xiang
Xu, Xiangyu
Zhang, Zhen
Yang, Han
Zhang, Yi
Pan, Zhengdao
Wang, Zhoulu
Xu, Yuanyuan
Zhou, Xinchi
Tan, Suchong
Gu, Yudong
Rao, Xingyou
Wu, Yutong
AuthorAffiliation 2 Jiangsu Svace Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210023, China
1 School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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Keywords hard carbon anode
sodium-ion storage
electrochemical performance
sodium-ion battery
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Snippet When compared to expensive lithium metal, the metal sodium resources on Earth are abundant and evenly distributed. Therefore, low-cost sodium-ion batteries are...
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SubjectTerms Adsorption
Carbon
Chemical properties
Electric properties
electrochemical performance
Energy storage
Graphite
hard carbon anode
Ions
Lithium
Morphology
Review
Sodium
Sodium compounds
sodium-ion battery
sodium-ion storage
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Title The Progress of Hard Carbon as an Anode Material in Sodium-Ion Batteries
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Volume 28
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